Business Macroeconomics - 1375 Words

Business Macro-Economics Question A: GDP 1. GDP is the market value of all goods and services produced within a country over a given period of time; it is primarily used to gauge a countrys economy and is also viewed as the size of the economy at a particular period of time. Moreover, GDP is a comparison made between the previous year and the current year to check the countrys economic growth over time. However, measuring GDP is complicated but at its most basic, its calculation is done by either adding up everyones yearly earnings or adding up what everyone spent; logically both measures lead to the same total (United States Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2009). The basic formula for calculating the GDP is; Y = C + I + E + G C =1000; I =200; E =300 and G =250 Y = 1000 + 200 + 300 + 250 = 1750 Y = 1750 2. Whenever a countrys exports exceed imports, then it will add to the GDP but if imports are more than the exports it subtracts from the GDP. More exports by a country increases the foreign income flow to the country which has the effect of increasing the GDP while elevated levels of imports increases the countrys foreign debts which has the effect of lowering the GDP. If we are able to increase our domestic energy production which allows us to import less oil from foreign countries, then it would positively impact the nations GDP. Question B: Inflation 1. Rising inflation and prices has the effect of increasing the inflation rate. Inflation isShow MoreRelatedMacroeconomic Variables Affecting a Business Environment2192 Words   |  9 PagesCHAPTER 1 QUESTION: IDENTIFY AND EXPLAIN TEN (10) MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES AFFECTING A NAMED BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT. HOW CAN THESE BE REGULATED? INTRODUCTION In todays world, no business operates in isolation without interacting with the environment where it operates. Irrespective of the nature of business whether public or private organization; manufacturing; service industry; local or international firm, its operations are inhibited by the environment in which it operates. During 2003-2007Read MoreMacroeconomic Impact on Business Operations1812 Words   |  8 PagesMacroeconomic Impact on ï ¿ ½ PAGE * MERGEFORMAT ï ¿ ½9ï ¿ ½ Running head: MACROECONOMIC IMPACT ON BUSINESS OPERATIONS Macroeconomic Impact on Business Operations University of Phoenixï ¿ ½ This paper will address the how the monetary policy has an impact on the factors of macroeconomics, such as gross domestic product (GDP), interest rates, inflation, and unemployment. According to the Federal Reserve, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Open Market Committee shall maintainRead MoreMacroeconomics for Business Debt Sustainability1665 Words   |  7 PagesBS1780 Macroeconomics for Business Problem Set 3 Group Assignment February 2016 1ï ¼â€° Assuming that the nominal interest rate, the inflation rate, the real GDP growth and primary deficit remain constant for the next year, we can compute the projected next year end debt as a percentage of GDP by using the equation: dt+1=dt+i-Ï€dt-grdt-st+1 In this case, dt is the public debt (as % of GDP) of 2011, which is 88%; i is the government interest rate 7% according to our assumption;Read MoreEssay about Macroeconomic Impact on Business Operations666 Words   |  3 Pagesthey loan money, when a person needs a loan to improve an already opened business the bank will consider the ability of the establishment to repay the loan. If the loan is approved the bank then creates a checkable deposit which in turn creates more money, which is usually an electronic increase no money actually exchanges hands. Much of the money in our economy comes from credit of commercial banks. When the established business has repaid the loan to the bank then that money is destroyed, and theRead MoreFinance Is Based On Economics841 Words   |  4 Pagesneeds by humans. Macroeconomics started with John Maynard Keynes, an English economist, who published a book entitled General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money in 1936. Keynes offered a clari fication for the fallout from the Great Depression, when goods remained unsold and workers unemployed, a feat that left classical economists stumped. Keynes theory explained why markets may not clear. This theory evolved throughout the 20th century, diverting into several macroeconomic schools of thoughtRead MoreIntroduction And Literature Review : The Decline Of Economic Conditions881 Words   |  4 Pagesin U.S. economy. How do macroeconomic factors influence consumer confidence in different groups of people? I used data from Survey of Consumer Attitude and Behavior by University of Michigan, Survey Research Center and examine the relationship between the Index of Consumer Expectation and four categories of parameters: demographic variables, macroeconomic factors, news heard and their interactions to observe the interacting effect of demographic factors and macroeconomic factors. In Part 1, I introducedRead MoreThe Theory Of Macroeconomic Analysis Deals With Economic Aggregates1 229 Words   |  5 Pages The theory of macroeconomic analysis deals with economic aggregates. This theory is very critical and important in decision making by planning agents in the economy (Mankiw, 2010). Macroeconomics analysis is of great and paramount importance to the three entities that comprise of any economy who are the households, firms and the government institution. The households in the economy are majorly interested in the macroeconomic analysis to determine and know how a slight change in general priceRead MoreEcon 2301 Study Guide1079 Words   |  5 PagesECON 2301: Principles of Macroeconomics Hennessy ECON 2301 Principles of Macroeconomics Time: Th 7:05 pm – 9:45 pm Synonym: 40512 Section: 023 Room: NRG2 2120 Instructor: Gregory Hennessy Office: NRG PB3 Hours: Th 6:30 pm – 7:00 pm Th 9:45 pm – 10:15 pm And by appointment Phone: Email: Course Description Principles of Macroeconomics deals with consumers as a whole, producers as a whole, the effects of government spending and taxation policies, and the effects of the monetary policy carriedRead MoreComparative Analysis Of Chinese And Greece Financial Crises Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesFINANCIAL CRISES The failure of macroeconomic factors largely resulted in the financial calamities for both China and European nations such as Greece. These included foreign exchange and interest rate fluctuations and output as mentioned in Haile and Pozo, (cited in Shen et al, 2015, p. 193). Furthermore, the interdependence between China and European nations as trading partners suffered throughout the crisis given the disruption to the aforementioned macroeconomic variables, (Shen et al, 2015, pRead MoreFinal Project Part I Milestone One: Supply, Demand, and Market Equilibrium855 Words   |  4 Pageschanges in the industry’s market structure impact your chosen company’s business strategy in the future? Keep your company’s current business strategy in mind in your response. This information should be incorporated with the overview (Section I) along with the content from Milestones One and Two, reflecting the incorporation of feedback gained throughout the course. 8-1 Final Project Part II Milestone: Overview and Macroeconomic Variables This milestone, which covers Sections I and II of Final Project

Traditions and Customs of The Jewish Culture Essay

There are many different cultures that surround us everyday; each one with its own unique customs and lifestyles. The Jewish culture contains some of the oldest traditions and customs that date back thousands of years. This culture has survived everything from exile to almost being diminished during the Holocaust. The Jewish culture has a unique culture, that has much to share with the world around them. Unlike some cultures, the Jewish are very open to others. Their general attitude is that they are above no one. The Jewish culture believes it is very important to be open, good hearted, and considerate to those around (Culture and Customs). The Jewish also have many different greetings they use in their everyday lives. The most common†¦show more content†¦Making sure utensils do not get mix together when making meat or dairy products is also important in the Jewish culture. While the Jewish diet is very strict in its details, the personal appearance has somewhat looser cons traints. Most Jewish people dress in what is considered normal attire (such as jeans and regular shirts). However, when attending religious services, men are required to war a â€Å"kippah† (head covering), and women must wear long skirts (Culture and Customs). As can be seen, while the diet of the Jewish culture may hold stricter requirements, the dress of the culture is almost equivalent to that of the Western society. Language is required in any culture for proper communication. There are two major languages associated with the Jewish culture; Hebrew and Yiddish. In todays world Hebrew is mostly reserved for prayer and religious services, while Yiddish is the most common for everyday language (Intermarriage QA). Examples of Hebrew words are aba (father) or meytav halchulim (best wishes), and one may hear Yiddish words such as feh! (disgust) or kvetsh (complain). Language may be important for communication, but religion is the true center of the Jewish culture. TheShow More RelatedImportant Traditions Of The Chosen By Chaim Potok888 Words   |  4 PagesCompelling Customs Traditions such as homemade decorations, Grandma’s banana pudding, and ugly Christmas sweaters often remain close to the hearts of family members. Candles, decorations, food, and outfits, the list of customs never terminates! Two families, who practice traditions in the book, The Chosen by Chaim Potok, include the Malter family and the Saunders family. David and Reuven Malter enjoy habits of weekly services, prayer, and special articles of clothing in their lives as OrthodoxRead MoreTaking a Look at Ancient Israel1328 Words   |  5 Pages The Jewish religion makes Israel’s culture in 722 B.C. - 540 B.C. distinctive. Israel’s religion is important in the fact that it started the Catholic culture. Though most Christians do not do the same things the Jews did back then, the bases for their beliefs and ideas came from the Jews. The Israelites’ way of life was influenced by their religion. They maintained their faith even when they were being exiled. Thei r work, customs, laws, and other things were all influenced by their Jewish religionRead MoreReflection of Juduasm Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesJudaism is a religious tradition with origins dating back nearly four thousand years, rooted in the ancient region of Canaan, which is now known as the land between Israel and Palestine. Judaism did not emerge until the 1st century C.E. Judaism traces its heritage to the covenant God made with Abraham and his lineage that God would make them a sacred people and give them a holy land. The primary characters of Israelite culture include the great patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and the prophet MosesRead MoreUnderstanding the Relation Between Judaism and Christianity844 Words   |  4 Pagesits early preaching. The customs and traditions that early Christians followed were mostly Jewish traditions. However, over the time, both religions grew up to the animosity towards each other. Observing the animosity, there has been many incidents whe re Jews and Christians have not tolerated each other. Therefore, understanding Judaism is essential to learn the holistic nature and history of the Christianity. First of all, historically, the early Christians were the Jewish people who believed inRead MoreHenry Wadsworth Longfellows The Jewish Cemetery at Newport: An Enigmatic Musing on Jewish History and Culture668 Words   |  3 PagesHenry Wadsworth Longfellows The Jewish Cemetery at Newport is an enigmatic musing on Jewish history and culture. On the one hand, Longfellow makes sure to display his feelings that Hebrews are strange. In the first line of the poem, Longfellow uses the word strange in the same line as Hebrews, and then suggests that it was strange to see a Jewish cemetery close by the street of this fair seaport town, (line 2). This is as if to say that the Jews were not welcome in a fair seaport townRead MoreWomen Of A Russian Jewish Woman By Pauline Wengeroff1364 Words   |  6 Pagesinevitable, it was something new for a group which historically was so grounded in the upkeeping of religious and cultural traditions. As representative of the early beginnings of change in Jewish marriage customs in the mid 1800’s, Pauline Wengeroff describes the events surrounding both her and her older sisters’ marriages in the memoir, Rememberings, The World of a Russian-Jewish Woman in the Nineteenth Century. The arrangements surrounding these two marriages vary significantly, although they areRead MoreEssay on The Old Testament1397 Words   |  6 Pageswhile there are many events that show destruction of other civilizations, conversion was certainly acceptable to Old Testament thinking. Judaism is not a conversion religion, but it is not opposed to taking in those who will obey the laws of the tradition, and worship Yahweh. The attitude of the Bible is that the Israelites had committed many sins, but would always be forgiven by God. This is evident in Isaiah 4:1 which states, â€Å" Israel needs to be comforted and she will receive more from God† (NIVRead MoreJudaism Is A Religious Custom With Origins Going Back About1497 Words   |  6 Pa gesreligious custom with origins going back about four thousand years, established in the old close eastern region of Canaan. Starting as the convictions and practices of the general population known as Israel, traditional, or rabbinic, Judaism did not rise until the first century C.E. Judaism follows its legacy to the covenant God made with Abraham and his heredity, that God would make them a sacred people and that God would provide them with Holy land. The basic people of Israelite culture are theRead MoreThree Religions and Three Holy Cities 990 Words   |  4 PagesSouthwest Asia is home to a variety of cultures as well as religions. It has an significant past with three major religions: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. It is quite remarkable that Southwest Asia has been a holy place for all three, and although it causes turmoil it is important to understand the three religions and their customs. Such information may help us not to judge so quickly or perhaps to grow in our kn owledge about the world. Hopefully this will help everyone to have a wider view ofRead MoreBenefits Of Marriage During Today s Contemporary Society1024 Words   |  5 Pagesalike due to the difference in religion and/or culture. For example a Christian wedding has different customs than a Hindu wedding as a result of different beliefs and traditions. There are different types of marriages such as an arranged marriage and love marriages; however in the modern society many people have love Marriages. Aside from the types of marriages mentioned above, endogamy and exogamy are important factors for marriage. Endogamy is the custom of marrying a person within one’s community

Investigating the grammatical features of a child Essay Example For Students

Investigating the grammatical features of a child Essay At this stage I had only just turned three years old, and therefore one would expect that my linguistic and vocabulary knowledge is not yet as exhaustive and extensive as it would be in another two or three years. It seems that in this situation, I am not aware of the correct verb use, and the stutter could be a way of trying to express something that is not yet in my vocabulary. Georgie (mumbling on phone) Hello but erm dont touch that salt, cos you dont like salt do ya? Its ready now Jamie You have to put the salt in there Georgie (undecipherable) Jamie! Dont play with it! You dont you dont have to you dont dont have to play games with it! This conversation shows me getting annoyed with my brother, and I stuttered slightly before getting my words out. The fact that I had to repeat some words more than once perhaps suggest that I was not particularly comfortable with that sentence structure; I was still learning how to use commands, and therefore could not yet use them with ease. 09/06/92 Georgie One day, she rided a trolley, she had to walk in there. She had to walk cos she didnt have her buggy! This sentence taken from the 09/06/92 data shows briefly the sort of grammatical mistakes made by myself at the age of three. It seems feasible that a young child would make the highlighted mistake; since they have been learning the structure and forms of language, they have been taught the rules of the English Language. One of these rules is that in the past tense, one adds an ed to the end of the word. Simply put, a young child cannot yet understand the idea that some words dont follow the standard conventions. Therefore when it comes to an irregular verb, a child will assume the rules of language automatically and not think anything of it. Hence, the child will use the verb incorrectly, yet it is still understandable what they mean. Grammatically, at the age of three a child is capable of structuring a sentence, yet in some cases, the morphology and syntax may interfere with the accuracy of the sentence. Sometimes a child will not know exactly which order to phrase the words in, or in which context to use certain words. In the majority of cases, a child will express an utterance which is mildly or dramatically incorrect and yet an adult will still be able to fathom the main point of the sentence. Possibly, this shows that syntax is the not the dominant factor in understanding a childs speech, and that, although grammar is important in language use, perhaps it is not essential for actually understanding a situation; if a situation is accompanied with various prosodic and paralinguistic features in order to emphasise the context, it is likely that a recipient will be able to understand the semantic field of the utterance. This can be seen in the above transcript, where I made some grammar mistakes, and whilst my lexical choices were correct, the syntax was slightly jumbled; yet the utterance is still, in fact, understandable. 25/12/92 Georgie That was what Father Christmas eat last night? The first sentence shows the wrong verb tense being used; however this could be more of a pronunciation issue than grammar, as the correct form ate could be pronounced differently by a young child. Again, it is still fathomable what is meant by it. Georgie No, Ill set it all up after This sentence shows my capability of forming a fairly complex sentence; everything is Standard English from the subject pronoun, to the verb tense and general syntax of the utterance. This is only nine months after the first transcript shown above, and it shows how important and rapidly language development occurs in a child, as nine months ago, I stuttered and was unable to accrue the grammatical knowledge to form a perfect sentence. This utterance shows my newly acquired knowledge and even demonstrates my ability to use the future tense accurately. Georgie Ill leave it there with that one Similarly, this sentence is formed in a parallel way to the former, and therefore I am once again capable of developing it accurately, further highlighting my grammatical development in just nine months. Georgie Mind me Jamie! You nearly lost my, made my eyes water! Made my eyes water! This utterance shows me lecturing my brother; however I couldnt find the words in my vocabulary to express what I meant, therefore making it grammatically incorrect. This appears to be a form of regression, as it illustrates my incapability of expressing a standard sentence, when in previous utterances I have been able to form them accurately. Perhaps this suggests that whilst a child is comfortable expressing emotionless sentences, it may be more difficult to form a phrase with an emotion attached i. e, anger, in this example. Georgie What she say? Mum This is fun. This is fun Georgie What did she say? Oddly enough, this conversation shows me saying the same thing twice; however the first time, I omitted the verb, and the second time I used the verb. This perhaps suggests that a child does understand the formation of a sentence, but maybe it is laziness or other external factors that causes a child to miss out a vital part of a sentence. Child Abuse EssayGeorgie Look how much Ive got whoa youve got more than me! This sentence shows that I have confused the word many with much and used it incorrectly. The rest of my utterance is grammatically correct, and I have used the correct subject pronouns and verbs. Georgie Ive got more than you Thomas Tom Ive got more than you Georgie No, I have got more than Thomas havent I? I was obviously aware of how to stress something by the time I was this age; starting with stringing the subject pronoun and verb together (Ive), to saying I have, shows that I knew how to make a statement and exaggerate my utterances. I was trying to make a point that I have more strawberries than Tom and needed reassurance from a parent. Georgie Cos if you do shes gonna be mine and Jamies step-mum. Would we call her mum or would we still call her Shelley? Here, I form a perfect grammatical sentence, in the accurate tenses, based on an unpredictable and random conversation. A couple of years ago, it is unlikely that I would have been able to form such an accurate sentence; showing clearly my language development over time. Georgie No no! No, James! Jamie just put some of my strawberries in your pot in his pot This sentence sees me making a grammatical error in terms of pronoun use, but then correcting myself. This shows just how much I have developed linguistically, as I no longer need an adult to correct my mistakes. Georgie It was on holiday and we went on the swings and we see it land in the on the grass The grammatical error made here is fairly obvious; I have mixed up the past tense with the present tense and said see instead of saw. This shows that even by this age, I was still prone to making a few grammatical mistakes. However, it is also evident from my transcripts that no effort was made to correct me, which perhaps suggests that as a child grows older, the amount of child directed speech used dwindles. 3. Does a child display confusion on a particular conversational aspect of language at the age of three but fully understand the concept by the time they reach five? ANALYSIS When trying to analyse the findings to fulfil the requirements of this question, it became apparent that there were two specific transcripts that could provide useful. At Christmas 1992, I was three years old and couldnt grasp the concept of showing appreciation for a gift that I didnt actually ask for: 25/12/92 Georgie Oh, just what I didnt want mum Mum Just like you didnt want? Georgie No, I didnt want (undecipherable) look. I didnt even want it did I? Jamie Ive got a big present Georgie Look mummy, I didnt even want it Mum Lets have a look Georgie No I didnt even want it I didnt Dad You didnt even want it? Georgie But I like it, I want it Mum (laughs) Georgie I do want it, now Jamie She didnt ask for it did she Mum Is that what shes saying? Thats what shes saying At the age of three, a child is still learning the basic foundations to build more complex forms of language. Context is important in this situation I have received a gift that I had not asked for, and whilst I possessed the knowledge to show that the gift was not something I had previously requested, I was unable to express this thought in accurate language. Firstly, the verb to ask was swapped for the verb to want, which is socially thought of as ruder in this particular context. By saying I didnt want something, it may have come across as unappreciative and impolite. What is also noticeable about this specific transcript is that everything else within my walls of language use was precise and accurate. In terms of sentence structure, I was able to form a perfect and understandable sentence, with subject and verb agreement. In this case, it was my sibling who was able to decipher the actual meaning of my sentence, rather than my parents. This perhaps shows that my brother and I have an important bond, where we can understand each others language, even if it doesnt fit the conventions of Standard English. This will be discussed later on in the investigation. Interestingly, I didnt understand the concept of what I was saying, yet in every single utterance of this conversation I used the word want. It is a very repetitive dialogue, and it clearly shows I was trying to get my point across, which may suggest that I knew that what I was saying was incorrect, but thought that by recasting and expanding my utterances, those around me would be able to understand my meaning. What I am saying has an obvious pragmatic meaning; I am expressing my excitement at having received something I hadnt previously asked for. 25/12/1994 Geor.

Shape and Tessellation free essay sample

Tessellation Tessellation is the process of repeating geometric shapes to form a pattern. We will write a custom essay sample on Shape and Tessellation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These patterns do not contain any gaps, or overlaps of the geometric shape. Tessellation in everyday life can be seen in mosaics, tiling, art, and even in nature. A bee hive or honeycomb is a great example of the natural tessellation. When I first saw the assignment for this week, I assumed it would be easy to do. However, the actual process of making the pattern was harder than expected.The concept seems easy enough; the application is where I struggled. I also found using the paint application harder because the image is not easily formatted to fit on a piece of paper. I had to adjust and readjust the image multiple times in order for it to be seen properly. The type of transformation used in this tessellation is the flip transformation. I used one image and reverse it back and forth to form a pattern. I chose the figure because it was an easy shape to draw and manipulate. I found as I tried to create a pattern the more intricate the figure, the harder it is to form a coherent pattern. By using a simple pattern I was able to manipulate it with flipping to form an interesting and intricate pattern. In all, this is a great activity for students, but I think I would help simplify the method for younger children by having cutouts of different shapes for them to use. This would enable my students to use uniform shapes to form their tessellation, rather than rely on multiple tools to draw it precisely.I can understand where the younger students would have a harder time understanding and applying the concept of tessellation. As an adult, I found the task difficult to apply on paper. The image and what I wanted to do with that image was clear in my mind, but I needed to form a way to translate that onto the screen. As younger children the use of paint programs and other technologies may not be readily available and to form a tessellation purely by hand is a more difficult task than it seems.

Advances In Medicine Essays - Philippe Pinel, Perri Klass, Medicine

Advances In Medicine Essays - Philippe Pinel, Perri Klass, Medicine Advances In Medicine As the history of medicine has evolved, a number of trends and prevailing opinions have swept the profession. One of the most subtle, and yet most revealing results of these sweeping trends manifests itself by altering the tone in medical conversations and dialogues, often available to the non-medical person in the form of texts and literature. A relatively current example appears in the form of Perri Klass A Not Entirely Benign Procedure, a text dedicated to the experiences of the author at Harvard Medical School. Published in 1987, Klass work offers an interesting, if not shocking comparison to Philippe Pinels The Clinical Training of Doctors, an article published in 1783. It seems that, despite the obvious advancements and progress in medical technology and general care, the modern Klass presents less certainty about the profession and its abilities than does the eighteenth century article. In Pinels article, however, a distinct tone of holistic healing pervades the proposed train ing of physiciansthe lack of which Klass bemoans in her work. The contrast between the two works affords the reader a view into two parallel transitions in medicine: the decline of certainty and the decline of holistic care. One of the most shocking aspects of Pinels article involves the specificity in patient setting and observation he demands. From precise measurements of the weather to room orientations, Pinel seems to imply that precision in observation and care-giving will lead to precise diagnoses and eventual cures: It is obvious that medical observations can be precise and conclusive only if the evidence is reduced to the smallest possible number of facts and to the plainest data. The outline for the training of physicians Pinel proposes attempts to create an environment that allows the kind of precision that will lead to conclusive outcomes in patient care. Pinels demands range from the sensible to the seemingly outrageous. His proposal to closely scrutinize the diets of patients, as well as to experiment with these diets, seems to coincide with modern beliefs and practices. Indeed, just as Pinel recommends, one of the first and fundamental questions asked by any physician or health care provide r involves an investigation into previous food intake. Most of his section entitled Questions to ask upon admitting a patient conforms with modern practice. The more extreme requests and propositions, however, offer a more penetrating insight into his and his times beliefs concerning the potential of medicine. Pinel requires that his teaching hospital be equipped with a battery of meteorological instruments in order to enhance the level of precision in determining the potential influences on patients. To function accurately and properly, the physician must account for all possible influences on the health and condition of the patient: Notes on celestial observations, meteors, and the phases of the moon should complement the daily recordings from these [meteorological] instruments. Oddly, this level of observation requires a near impossible exertion of effort on the part of the physician, and it would be a wonder if the patient did not succumb to his illness by the time these initial observations were made. The implications of Pinels suggestions include the assumption that a cure can be found, and precise scientific scrutiny will inevitably reveal its location. As an interesting aside, Pinel wrote well before the time of scientists like Heisenberg (circa 1900), who helped elucidate the fundamental impossibility of knowing all the possible outcomes of a situation by merely understanding the initial conditions of that situationthe premise of modern Chaos Theory. Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle was a watershed moment in the general paradigm of science in that it posited a limit on the accuracy of observation. Knowledge of the position of a particle came at the expense of knowledge of its velocity, and knowledge of velocity, at the expense of position. One of the hallmarks of modern science includes its attempts to cope with the realities and implications of unconquerable fundamental uncertainties. In some small way, Klass conveys this general scientific uncertainty from a personal perspective, which in turn reveals its presence in the entirety of medicine. In her segment entitled Curing, Klass depicts the presence of uncertainty in the modern medical profession. She does not deny that the expectation of cure still represents the model

Biography of Hernán Cortés, Ruthless Conquistador

Biography of Hernn Cortà ©s, Ruthless Conquistador Hernn Cortà ©s (1485–December 2, 1547) was a Spanish conquistador responsible for the audacious, brutal conquest of the Aztec Empire in Central Mexico in 1519. With a force of 600 Spanish soldiers, he was able to conquer a vast empire with tens of thousands of warriors. He did it through a combination of ruthlessness, guile, violence, and luck. Fast Facts: Hernn Cortà ©s Known For: Brutal conqueror of the Aztec EmpireBorn: 1485 in Medellà ­n, Castile  (Spain)Parents: Martà ­n Cortà ©s de Monroy, Doà ±a Catalina Pizarro AltamarinoDied: Dec. 2, 1547 in Castilleja de la Cuesta, near Sevilla (Spain)Spouses: Catalina Surez Marcaida, Juana Ramà ­rez de Arellano de Zà ºÃƒ ±igaChildren: 2nd Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca, Catalina Cortà ©s De Zà ºÃƒ ±iga, Catalina Pizarro, Juana Cortà ©s De Zà ºÃƒ ±iga, Leonor Cortà ©s Moctezuma, Luis Cortà ©s, Luis Cortà ©s y Ramà ­rez de Arellano, Marà ­a Cortà ©s de Moctezuma, Marà ­a Cortà ©s de Zà ºÃƒ ±iga, Martà ­n Cortà ©sNotable Quote: I and my companions suffer from a disease of the heart which can be cured only with gold. Early Life Hernn Cortà ©s, like many who eventually became conquistadores in the Americas, was born in Medellà ­n, in the Castilian province of Extremadura, the son of  Martà ­n Cortà ©s de Monroy and Doà ±a Catalina Pizarro Altamarino. He came from a respected military family but was a sickly child. He went to the University of Salamanca to study law but soon dropped out. By this time, tales of the wonders of the New World were spreading across Spain, appealing to teens such as Cortà ©s. He decided to head to Hispaniola, an island in the West Indies, to seek his fortune. Hispaniola Cortà ©s was well educated and had family connections, so when he arrived in Hispaniola in 1503, he soon found work as a notary and was given a plot of land and a number of natives to work it. His health improved and he trained as a soldier, taking part in the subjugation of the parts of Hispaniola that had held out against the Spanish. He became known as a good leader, an intelligent administrator, and a ruthless fighter. These traits encouraged Diego Velzquez, a colonial administrator and conquistador, to select him for his expedition to Cuba. Cuba Velzquez was assigned the subjugation of the island of Cuba. He set out with three ships and 300 men, including young Cortà ©s, a clerk assigned to the treasurer of the expedition. Also along on the expedition was Bartolomà © de Las Casas, who would eventually describe the horrors of the conquest and denounce the conquistadores. The conquest of Cuba was marked by a number of unspeakable abuses, including massacres and the burning alive of native chief Hatuey. Cortà ©s distinguished himself as a soldier and administrator and was made mayor of the new city of Santiago. His influence grew. Tenochtitln Cortà ©s watched in 1517 and 1518 as two expeditions to conquer the mainland ended in failure. In 1519, it was Cortà ©s’ turn. With 600 men, he began one of the most audacious feats in history: conquest of the Aztec Empire, which at that time had tens if not hundreds of thousands of warriors. After landing with his men, he made his way to Tenochtitln, the  capital of the empire. Along the way, he defeated Aztec vassal states, adding their strength to his. He reached Tenochtitln in 1519 and occupied it without a fight. When Velzquez, now governor of Cuba, sent an expedition under Pnfilo de Narvez to rein in Cortà ©s, Cortes defeated Narvez, adding Narvezs men to his forces. After the battle, Cortà ©s returned to Tenochtitln with his reinforcements but found chaos. In his absence, one of his lieutenants,  Pedro de Alvarado, had ordered a massacre of Aztec nobility. Aztec Emperor Montezuma was  killed by his own people  while trying to placate the crowd, and an angry mob chased the Spanish from the city in what became known as the Noche Triste, or â€Å"Night of Sorrows.† Cortà ©s regrouped, retook the city, and by 1521 was in charge of Tenochtitln again. Good Luck Cortà ©s could never have pulled off the defeat of the  Aztec Empire  without good luck. First, he found Gerà ³nimo de Aguilar, a Spanish priest who had been shipwrecked on the mainland several years before and could speak the Maya language. Between Aguilar and Malinche, a female slave who could speak Maya and Nahuatl, Cortà ©s was able to communicate during his conquest. Cortà ©s also had amazing luck in terms of the Aztec vassal states. They nominally owed allegiance to the Aztecs, but in reality they hated them. Cortà ©s exploited this hatred. With thousands of native warriors as allies, he could meet the Aztecs with strength and secure a victory. He also benefited from the fact that Montezuma had been a weak leader, looking for divine signs before making any decisions. Cortà ©s believed that Montezuma thought the Spanish were emissaries from the god Quetzalcoatl, which may have caused him to wait before crushing them. Cortà ©s’ final stroke of luck was the timely arrival of reinforcements under the inept Narvez. Velzquez had intended to weaken Cortà ©s and bring him back to Cuba, but after Narvez was defeated he wound up providing Cortà ©s with men and supplies that he desperately needed. Governor From 1521 to 1528 Cortà ©s served as governor of New Spain, as Mexico became known. The crown sent administrators, and Cortà ©s oversaw the rebuilding of the city and expeditions to explore other parts of Mexico. Cortà ©s still had many enemies, however, and his repeated insubordination reduced his support from the crown. In 1528 he returned to Spain to plead his case for more power and received a mixed response. He was elevated to noble status and given the title of Marquis of the Oaxaca Valley, one of the richest territories in the New World. He was removed as governor, however, and would never again wield much power in the New World. Later Life and Death Cortà ©s never lost the spirit of adventure. He personally financed and led an expedition to explore Baja California in the late 1530s and fought with royal forces in Algiers in 1541. After that ended in a fiasco, he decided to return to Mexico but instead died of pleuritis on Dec. 2, 1547, in Castilleja de la Cuesta, near Sevilla, Spain, at the age of 62. Legacy In his bold but ghastly conquest of the Aztecs, Cortà ©s left a trail of bloodshed that other conquistadores would follow. Cortà ©s â€Å"blueprint†- to pit native populations against one another and exploit traditional enmities- was followed by Francisco Pizarro in Peru, Pedro de Alvarado in Central America, and other conquerors of the Americas. Cortà ©s success in bringing down the mighty Aztec Empire quickly became legendary back in Spain. Most of his soldiers had been peasants or younger sons of minor nobility with little to look forward to in terms of wealth or prestige. After the conquest, his men were given land, native slaves, and gold. These rags-to-riches stories drew thousands of Spanish to the New World, each wishing to follow in Cortà ©s’ bloody footprints. In the short run, this was good for the Spanish crown because native populations were quickly subjugated by these  ruthless conquistadores. In the long run, it proved disastrous because instead of being farmers or tradesmen, these men were soldiers,  slavers,  and mercenaries who abhorred honest work. One of Cortà ©s’ legacies was the  encomienda  system that he instituted in Mexico, which â€Å"entrusted† a tract of land and a number of natives to a Spaniard, often a conquistador. The encomendero had certain rights and responsibilities. Basically, he agreed to provide religious education for the natives in exchange for labor, but it was little more than legalized slavery, which made the  recipients wealthy and powerful. The Spanish crown eventually regretted allowing the  system to take root, as it was difficult to abolish once reports of abuses began piling up. Modern Mexicans revile Cortà ©s. They identify as closely with their native past as with their European roots, and they see Cortà ©s as a monster and butcher. Equally reviled is Malinche, or Doà ±a Marina, Cortà ©s’ Nahua slave/consort. If not for her language skills and assistance, the conquest of the Aztec Empire would almost certainly have taken a different path. Sources Hernn Cortà ©s: Spanish Conquistador. Encyclopaedia Britannica.Hernn Cortà ©s. History.com.Hernn Cortà ©s  Biography. Thefamouspeople.com.

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

Business - Essay Example Jarvik acknowledges that he has considerable experience with heart disease (Owens, 2008). This removes liability from Pfizer and also supports his credentials to promote Lipitor without much concern over ethical judgment consequences from society and regulatory entities. More careful selection of appropriate celebrity endorsements would be one method of improving advertising approach. Seeking celebrities that actually have used Lipitor are more in-line with regulatory framework guidance for advertisers to avoid consumer perceptions of deception. Additionally, Pfizer could reposition Lipitor under a product benefits focus, using chemists and developers as appropriate endorsers to describe product quality as well as the credentials of research and development teams. Puffer is merely an exaggeration in an attempt to position or differentiate a product by embellishing product benefits. Deception, however, would occur when a product makes claims it cannot achieve, such as promising cures to illnesses from a vitamin marketer that are not supported by research or actual human consumption. Consumers can also contact the Federal Trade Commission to investigate allegations of blatant deception allowing for expert scrutiny and inquiry. One well-known marketing campaign that has used puffery is Folgers Coffee. The promotional phrase, â€Å"The best part of waking up is Folgers in your cup† is simply positioning and/or differentiation tactics utilizing puffery (Boone & Kurtz, 2007). This form of puffery is designed to send the perception to consumers that the product benefits of Folgers, or psychological benefits, can be achieved through consumption. United Egg Producers, a trade group that represents the interest of many egg manufacturers, utilized deceptive packaging strategies to gain consumer interest. The phrase â€Å"Animal Care Certified† was used as a logo on many egg cartons to express United Egg Producer’s focus on

12 angry men Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

12 angry men - Essay Example It is only juror no. 8, who offers a dissenting opinion and queries all the prosecutor’s evidences against the defendant. He goes to an extent of purchasing a knife that is akin to the one presented as murder evidence in a bid to convince fellow jurors that the prosecutor’s claim of â€Å"unique† was misplaced. The dissenting juror finally manages to influence the opinion of the entire jury and drag them into the world of â€Å"reasonable doubt†. However, his reasons seem quite ludicrous. By making his queer judgments about the witnesses and pronouncing outrageous claims to disown them, juror number 8 appears quite bizarre. The juror goes ahead to disown another key witness who heard the crime taking place by asserting the claim that the old man probably made up his story to boost his ego. It is funny how the dissenting juror finally manages to get the other 11 jurors, who were initially convinced that the accused is guilty of murder, into his ship where reasonable doubt dictates all the evidence against the accused. The ruling of the jury is similarly interesting. The jurors unanimously make certain witness and evidence assumptions and conclude that the defendant is not guilty of murder. It is apparent that the other jurors arrive at this conclusion as an escape from looming argume nt with juror number 8. In my opinion, the jury made a big mistake. The defendant should have been held guilty for the offense. Since when has a juror become an investigator in a case over which he presides? When operating in accordance with the law, jurors are barred from performing their own investigations in cases. As such, Juror number 8 should have been substituted with another juror if the other eleven members of the jury had reported him trying to conduct his own investigation. By failing to abide by the requirement of the law, the entire jury appears to have seriously

Democratic legislatures Essay Example for Free

Democratic legislatures Essay The Republican party is unreservedly for sound money. It is unalterably opposed to every effort to debase our currency or disturb our credit. It resumed specie payments in 1879, and since then it has made and kept every dollar as good as gold. This it will continue to do, maintaining all the money of the United States, whether gold, silver or paper, at par with the best money of the world and up to the standard of the most enlightened governments. Towards the middle of the week the group of gentlemen participating in these conferences was increased by several accessions from the number of Mr. McKinleys friends in other states, among whom may be mentioned Mr. Henry C. Payne, William R. Merriam and Melville E. Stone. After his arrival Mr. Henry C. Payne became particularly active in getting the conference together and in having the platform typewritten anew, after every change, and in having copies supplied to each participant. On Friday morning Mr. H. H. Kohlsaat of Chicago joined the conference, having come over from Chicago in response to a telegram particularly for that purpose. Mr. Kohlsaats relation to the whole matter was peculiar. The next step for Mr. Hanna and his assistants was to secure some strong endorsements by the State Conventions. Ohio was already in line, having endorsed McKinley for the nomination in the State Convention of 1895. The Convention of 1896 met at Columbus on March 10. Mr. Foraker, who had recently been elected United States Senator, made a lengthy speech, as temporary chairman, enumerating the many reasons why McKinley should receive the united, hearty, cordial, enthusiastic, and unqualified support of Ohio. The platform contained a ringing endorsement, which was greeted with a volley of cheers, and a resolution was adopted instructing the delegates-at-large to vote and work for his nomination. A telegram was received from the Kansas Convention assuring their support of McKinley, to which Ohio replied with enthusiasm. Wisconsin followed nine days later, and then came Oregon, Nebraska, North Dakota, and even Vermont. Indiana fell into line at an early date. Charles W. Fairbanks, who was to preside as temporary chairman of the convention, called upon General Harrison early in the year, and said to him frankly, If you, General, wish to be a candidate, I shall help you. If not, I am for Major McKinley. Harrison replied that he had wanted the nomination in 1892 and desired to succeed himself, but after four years of Democratic administration the thought of reorganizing the Government was intolerable. He added with twinkling eye, Your friend Cleveland is making my administration luminous. Indiana soon after declared for McKinley. McKinley wanted to retain the systems mobility and diversity, to let men fulfill their talents. He championed tariff protection specifically and the Republican party generally because he rightly understood that both promoted national interests. Naturally and honestly echoing the rhetoric of responsible individualism, he did not seek to advance at societys expense. The belief that material security fostered social responsibility might be as idealistic as facile self-sacrifice based on mans alleged innate goodness and rationality, but it at least accepted limitations in democratic politics, and the understandable reluctance of men to abandon old ideals. Some Republicans, and many Democrats, represented only business interests, but McKinleys background, personality, and constituency opened his mind to change and moderation. As a congressman, he favored civil service reform, federal protection of voting rights, and workable business regulation, reflecting the needs and aspirations of an expanding middle and working class. Like Mark Hanna, he had many friends in organized labor, and protection heightened his appeal in shops and factories. He visited the mines, warehouses, forges, and plants in his district, and got a warm welcome from most workers. His uncertain district, which Democratic legislatures regularly gerrymandered, was a blessing in disguise. He never had the luxury of safety. In American politics, a safe constituency was the kiss of death, since it isolated leaders from change and new demands. McKinleys whole congressional career sharpened his talents for compromise. In his own time, he was a liberal Republican, as many followers who later became reformers readily attested. I always felt that McKinley represented the newer view, Robert La Follette recalled. Of course, McKinley was a high protectionist, but on the great new questions as they arose he was generally on the side of the public and against private interests. By 1896, the Ohioan well represented the elements that could give the GOP a long lease on life.

Architect E.J Lennoxs American Courthouse Construction :: American America History

Architect E.J Lennox's American Courthouse Construction THE BUILDING THEN In 1886 the city held a competition for the design of a court house. Thirteen architects competed and E.J Lennox was chosen to construct this building. He was chosen as the architect because of his unique way of demonstrating the Richardsoninan Romanesque design (In North America this design was know as the style of public dignity). But by the time the project was underway, the city government decided that it needed a city hall as well as a court house, so Lennox prepared new designs for a building that combined both. The Interior features involve bronze and iron detailing, painted murals by George Reid, as well as huge symbolic stained- glass windows by Robert McCausland. The entire building was created out of stone. Materials used were Credit valley red sandstone, Sackville brownstone from New Brunswick and greystone from a quarry near Orangeville. The stones are decorated with elaborate carvings of floral and geometric designs, hideous faces and caricatures. The complete building cost the city 2.5 million dollars which is almost nine times greater that the original target price which was set at 300,000 dollars. Many people complained and said that the cost of building the hall could have been used on practical schemes such as sewer improvage, water supplies and other important city needs. This mind blowing amount of money encouraged many investigations and lawsuits. One affair being in which the architects name was revealed carved immediately below the ledge under the uppermost windows and it spelled out "E J LENNOX ARCHITECT A D 1898". THE BUILDING NOW Before designing the building Lennox made a tour to cities of the U.S with buildings with the same style, now city hall's resemblance to H. H. Richardosn's Pittsburgh court house in 1886 is often pointed out. The building is designed so that the clock tower is centered on lower Bay street, providing a satisfying vista. Since this building was designed to be used for various activities when one enters the old city hall form the entrance of Queen and James street they will see three names carved above the door: Court House, Municipal Building and City Hall.

Pip’s family Essay

In chapter one of the story we discover that Pip’s family is deceased, well apart from his sister. They all died from common diseases like flu and measles and other illnesses which some were treatable but, medicine was not affordable for the poor. The social conditions in the nineteenth century were unfortunate. There wasn’t much medicine and there were no cure for common diseases and there was a lot of poverty, poor people had to work which includes children working in factories, there wasn’t in the least of education for the poor. This all tells us that life was hard to live in Britain in the nineteenth century if you were poor. Today in Britain it is greatly different, there is less poverty, more education, affordable prices for medicine, children don’t need to work to support there family, also there is the NHS health service and there is child benefit along with income support. Pip encounters an escaped convict when he goes to see his mother’s grave. Pip was petrified when he saw this convict; he was an enormous man and was chained up to his legs. In those days all convicts were known as murders so when Pip met him he was horrified. Then the convict forces Pip to bring food to eat and a filer to break lose from the chains on his hands and legs. In Pip’s village the standard of education was important but the poor often couldn’t afford it. Only the rich and wealthy families were able to afford education. Poor people weren’t expected to get educated in Pip’s village. Pip was expected to work and support his family when he was older. Pip wanted to become a black smith like Joe. Charles Dickens wants to create a miserable impression about education among the working classes. He wants to show how unfortunate children were in the working classes as they can not get any education and had to support there families. The children of wealthier families received different standard of education from the poorer families. They weren’t amongst the working classes, they didn’t need to work to support there families they could afford education as well as medicine, which means that life wasn’t bad for rich and wealthy families. Joe and Pip are extraordinarily good friends Because Joe is a fully grown man and Pip is a youngster and there relationship is very secure and close, they can talk to each other in confidence, can keep secrets from each other and support each other in any way. Joe had an extremely dreadful childhood he suffered from a lot of violence from his dad as he gave a great deal of pain to Joe and his mother by beating them. Joe’s dad was constantly drunk also, they were suffering from poverty. Joe explains his father and childhood to Pip. He tells him about the violence he suffered from his father this makes Pip feel uncomfortable and sorry about Joe. â€Å"†¦I was not at all at my ease†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this is how Pip felt, he felt anxious and confused when the time was up to go to Miss Havisham’s house for the arrangement. At the gates of the Satis house Pip met Estella. Estella treated Pip awfully bad. She kept on calling him â€Å"†¦boy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  at the end of her every sentence, this was very impolite and rude. By Estella’s words and actions it made Pip feel like someone not to be complimented at even for this Pip had feelings for Estella. Estella knows that pip comes from a poor social background. She feels that he is someone that has no education and manners so she speaks to him very rudely by calling him not by his name but by â€Å"†¦boy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  at the end of every sentence. When Pip left the Satis house he felt like a â€Å"†¦common labouring-boy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and felt more ignorant because he cried in front of Estella at the gates of the Satis. Pip was very irritated by the way Joe was dressed, which it was in his Sunday clothes and he also was irritated when Joe’s behaviour was very embarrassing during their meeting with Miss Havisham. Joe was trying to act smart and act like a gentleman but he made things worse by tying to say big words like â€Å"Astonishing† but he said it all wrong he said it like â€Å"†¦as-TON-ishing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this made Pip feel more irritated and Nervous. When Joe was speaking to Miss Havisham he was addressing to Pip, Pip was trying to give him a clue to stop Joe from looking at him and to look at Miss Havisham when speaking to her but Joe was to dense to notice. This all is showing us that Pip’s attitude changes towards Joe; he starts feeling ashamed about Joe because he showed out Pip’s social and financial life at the meeting with Miss Havisham by the way he speaks and dresses. I don’t think Pip should have felt this way because Joe is his close friend and he should not change his feelings and actions towards Joe just because he gets irritated at him. Now we can see that Pip’s social life and poverty is affecting his own character.

How far do the sources agree that the philosophy of separate spheres implied that women were inferior to men? Essay

Source one is implying that men and women are different and it’s due to God’s decision. He made the decision to have them in separate spheres. What makes the difference bigger and more significant was that women weren’t educated unlike males and their manners were vastly different. From the source it says, â€Å"They are designed to move in separate spheres but occasionally to unite together, in order to soften each other.† This is suggesting that God wanted men and women to be different and have almost no interaction when at work and just away in general from the house. They’re placed in two separate spheres and are isolated from each other when at work as men and women had very different jobs. When a woman managed to get a job it was highly likely to be something involved in domestic labour around the household of a person who was of a middle or upper-class status. Men on the other hand had a much larger variety of jobs to work towards and have, as men were seen as much smarter and stronger than women. This actual source was adapted from The Christian Library : Volume 8, published 1836. This source is strictly about what exactly a Christian believer has learnt and what they believe, as women weren’t educated they were never seen as intelligent people and were treated alost like animals in the household. Being told what to do by their husbands and in general men as if they were some sort of pet. In source two, it’s explained that it’s impossible to assert the superiority of either man or woman. It says, â€Å"It is impossible to assert the superiority of either man or woman, because their separate spheres are so different.† It’s saying that men and women are so different due to their separate spheres and roles being so unlike one another. Due to the way they’re both brought up so differently at a young age they’re never connected together, as men were seen as superior and were educated unlike women. They were dominant and should go to school for an education when women would learn how to cook and clean and basically learn how to serve their husbands for the future. â€Å"That man is a fool who is continually referring to the inferiority of the opposite sex. And the woman is worse who is always asserting either her equality or her superiority to the man.† Here it suggests that men believe in women being inferior to men and have grown up knowing that. This source was taken from Mary Tucker Magill, Women, or, Chronicles of the Late War. The text was written by a female and she says that men who say that women are inferior to men are ‘fools’. This woman has striked back and said that women aren’t inferior. Mary Tucker Magill then says that the women who always say and are certain that women are either equal or superior to men. In her opinion women weren’t inferior to men but neither were they equal or superior. This then leads and gives evidence to the firt part of the texts where it says that men and women can’t be compared and that they can’t assert who is more superior. This third source is from John Milton Williams, Women Suffrage. In this text the writer identifies just how muc women do for their husbands and a huge majority of it is behind closed doors which leads to people not recognising. â€Å"Women has not to call the ballot-box, but she has a sphere of her own, of amazing responsibility and importance.† Here, the writer has said that women have ‘amazing’ responsibility and importance, women in this text have been called out as having much larger roles than in the other two texts. â€Å"She is the divinely appointed guardian of the home. She should more fully realise that her position is the hoilest, most responsible, and queenlike assigned to mortals, and dismiss all ambition for anything higher, as there is nothing else here so high for mortals.† In this text, separate spheres isn’t clearly outlined in the text but you can see that women’s roles are distinctive in this text. The roles have been delegated and men aren’t mentioned suggesting that they aren’t capable of performing these tasks frequently like women or at all. This text also supports the ‘Angel of the House’ as it says â€Å"She is the divinely appointed guardian of the home.† Divinely meaning supremely good or beautiful also helps to show that this text suggests that only women are capable of these tasks as they’re ‘queenlike’ in their own household. It’s almost like their house is their kingdom and they have ti keep it in perfect condition for the ‘King’ of the household for when he returns from work as the female stays at home. The three sources akk have unique opinions on the concept of separate spheres but source one and two are the easier texts to identify it from. Source one is written for Christian believers to read and it seems to be that they believe that God placed the difference between the two genders at the start with the chance that they could bring equality together but instead the differences had increased because of the people choosing to only educate men during that period of time. There is a part in the text in which it explains that men and women do meet and that is through marriage and living in the same household, work is not mentioned. Source two is from a female’s point of view and she suggests that women and men can’t be chosen between for who is more superior due to the idea of separate spheres, because this has been implemented they can no longer be compared to as they go on separate paths (go into separate spheres) and play different roles in society implying that women aren’t inferior to men. The third source implies that women shouldn’t play or have the same roles as men as they have important jobs at home and it’s seen as a full time job for women. Again showing the separate spheres idea as women should only have one particular job and that’s to be at home.

Customer Insight Research Paper

Customer Insight Research Paper Customer Insight Research Paper Introduction The aim of the interview of the interview was to find out some of the factors that motivate customers to choose online shopping and the factors that motivate other customers to opt for off-line sopping. The interview also sought to know and to establish the behavior patterns between the two groups of consumers, online and off-line shoppers. In the interview, customers started by identifying themselves either as online or offline shoppers, after which the interviewer asked them to describe the main reasons that motivate their mode of purchase, as well as their purchase patterns. The main reason of choosing questions aimed at identifying the motivation factors was to find out the differences between the two groups. For instance, a question such as; â€Å"why do you choose to buy products online?† was included in the interview questions because it gives the customer an opportunity to give a direct response that would give the interviewer a clear understanding of some of the factors. Analysis of Results The results of the online shoppers indicated that 45 percent of people in a highly competitive business environment would get out of the shops and make online payments at a discount of 2.5 percent. This shows that customers opting for online shopping and payment are enticed by the low price offers that retailers and wholesalers provide for such payments. The percentage increases to 60 percent for those customers who choose online shopping after getting a discount as high as 5 percent for all the purchases they make. Similarly, when retailers offer high discount rates which may reach 20 percent, only 13 percent of shoppers remain in selling stores to complete their purchases. These results are substantial evidence that online discounts are a motivating factor that influences the customers’ decision to purchase goods online. The survey also found out that the most common products bought online are electronics such as TVs, movies game items, laptops and audio equipment. However, many online shoppers showed little concern for home appliances such as fryers, kettles and vacuum cleaners. During the interview, the results also showed that show- rooming behavior is also significant feature that leaves many mortar and brick sellers with few offline customers. Many online customers reveled that show-rooming is anew habit that gives them an opportunity to compare prices from one store to another, just by the use of their mobile phones. Online customers also mentioned carrying out price comparisons from one in-store to another is more expensive compared to online stores. Online customers have changed their shopping to use the in-store premises as a step in their purchase processes, and not as the final point. Consumers decide to shop their household products because of instrumental reasons to achieve certain goals and because of experiential motives (Arnould Wallendorf, 1994, pp 486). However, in the interview, goal oriented customers tend to more common than experiential and instrumental oriented customers. Based on the interview, the interviewers employed 5 online and 5 offline groups and many online customers attributed their behavior to availability of information about the product, wide range of products and the opportunity to avoid unwanted contacts such as spouses or sales agents in the retail premises. The goal oriented online shopping gives rise to experiences that are too involving for customers (Batra Ahtola, 1999, pp 167), but which leads to little commitment to the buyers. Customers indicated that they buy online when they want, and have the convenience to abandon the shopping cart when they feel the products on sale are not pleasant. Whereas some customers ware more likely to explain their offline shopping rather than online shopping in experiential purposes, there was more experiential motivation for customers who choose to shop online than the offline shoppers. On the other hand, offline shoppers attribute their motivation to the social aspect and experiential benefits associated with visits to retail and wholesale in-stores. Many of these buyers describe online shopping as never enjoyable and sociable. They also described their liking for offline shopping as an opportunity to ask for a lot of information about the products they purchase. Others claimed that in- store purchases offers after sales services that many online stores were found to be lacking. Because of information security reasons (Citrin, Sprott, Silverman Stem, 2000, pp 298), some offline shoppers did indicate lack of trust that their card numbers and identification documents were safe if used to pay for goods online. A good number of off-line shoppers also indicated that the opportunity to bargain for good commodity prices motivates them to make purchases from in-store retailers since it enables them to save a lot of money. Another factor given by the offline shoppers for the dislike of online shopping is the difficulty experienced when inspecting a product or service that retailers sell online. This is attributed to internet shortcomings that do not enable a customer to employ other senses such a touch or taste, and consumers have to rely only on sight. Other offline customers dislike online shopping because of the fact that they have to wait for the product delivery, especially in cases of overseas shopping. Risks such as pilferage, perishable products and damage during transportation highly discourage some customers from shopping online (Chen Tan, 2004, pp 78). In this group of shoppers, the psychological risks are perceived to be more demotivating than even the financial risks. Thus, any initiatives by retailers to offer discounts on online goods and series does not some offline shoppers to change their shopping decisions. Customer behavior literature According to Foucault and Scheufele (2002, pp 411), in a study involving 1000 customers in the US, researchers used multiple hypothetical scenarios of showrooms of ten items with different prices to find out the behavior of online customers. The results showed that 44 percent of online customers used mobile phones to influence their purchase choices when purchasing goods online. The researchers also found out that when the price difference between the online and in-store products is more than 5 dollars, customers showed a preference for the online products. This is similar to the views given by online customers in the interviews conducted to understand consumer behavior for online shoppers. The US research further profiled their customers based on age and gender, and the outcome of the study indicated that young female shoppers made online purchases more frequently than any other age bracket. On the other hand, old male shoppers whose minimum age is 50 years came out as the group of shoppers who were easily swayed to make purchases offline in retail stores. Other customers who happened to get advice from sales agents were 12.5 percent likely to make purchases offline. The results of this study are similar to the outcome of the interviews conducted in the group survey, since many of the choices that a majority of shoppers made are similar in motive and influence. According to Wachman (2012, pp 14), people spent nearly 8 billion US dollars in December 2011 on goods bought 0onine despite the difficulty shopping experiences that are usually associated with the month of December. According to the Capgemini research, a business consultancy organization, people spent remarkable 68 billion US dollars online in the year 2011. This is an indication that the number f online shoppers is ever growing as people move from the conventional culture of in-store purchases. According to Graham (2012), in UK, online purchases account for 17 percent of the total retail business, and this predicted to increase with the growth in mobile technology. The number of retailers launching online stores is also growing at a remarkable rate. Other literature sources indicate that utilitarian or goal oriented shopping is understood to be rational, deliberate and efficient (Kelly, 1998, pp 45). Therefore, the online search provides the medium for this task because the costs associated with dramatically lower than in in-store search. Moreover, some shoppers prefer to carry out efficient searches on the online stores with remarkably few clicks of the computer to obtain the details they need. In line with the objectives of goal oriented online search, shoppers who employ internet services in their purchase tasks end up saving a lot of time. According to Modahl (2000, pp 67), some customers do not perceive online purchases to be shopping; rather they perceive it to be a â€Å"buying† experience. As well, other online shoppers believe that they only decide to buy products online when they are convinced that they need the particular product, which further describes online shopping to be attracting a majority of customers who have a planned activity. Some online shopping surveys indicated that offline shoppers are more impulsive than online shoppers, because of limited accessibility and convenience and the influence by sales people in retail stores. Unlike online shopping (Rayport, Sviokla, 1999, pp 89), offline shoppers are proud of the personal associations they establish with business owners, which can help them build loyalty. Such loyal customers have the advantage of accessing goods on credit, or on hire purchase agreements, a feature that online shoppers are denied. Other customers who enjoy using senses beyond the sense of sight are well placed to fulfill their pleasure by shopping online since in- store commodities provide them with the opportunity to touch, feel, smell or even taste some of the goods before they pay form them. As observed in the analysis of results in the section above, this was one of the reason some customers prefer getting goods from an in-store retail, as opposed to online stores. Some businesses perceive offline shopping to be appropriate over online shopping because it helps them manage the products that customers buy. For instance, as much a restaurant can employ online advertisement services, it cannot manage to serve its clients online (To, Liao Lin, 2007, pp 778). Similarly, an auto dealer may not be effective by leasing a car online, because of security and lease agreement procedures and requirements. Marketing strategy and recommendations In order to reap from the changes in consumer behavior, retailers have to be keen when designing their marketing techniques. A lot of focus should be on the provision of goods based on location and population features. As observed in the analysis of results, young female shoppers are most likely to spend more money shopping online than older male who are easily swayed by sales agents. Thus products which female consumers need to be marketed or sold online, while products meant for the old generation can be kept in in-retail premises. Many brands sold to the middle and low market ends continue to report poor sales results, while luxurious products that target high end customers are continuing to generate profits. This scenario is partly attributed to the spending behavior of consumers spending [patterns whereby middle and low income consumers are squeezed by inflation, while the wealthy are continuing to earn goo d income. In order to cope up with these market changes, retailers and wholesalers have to employ a wide range of marketing strategies that target each group of consumers in the market. E-retail business activities remain a significant component of the broad retail trend (Spiggle, 1994, pp 498), and marketers have to incorporate it in all the strategic company plans. Despite the reduction in consumers’ disposable income, online shopping continues to record impressive sales growth every year. In order to motivate a number of offline shoppers who are demotivated to shop online by psychological factors, retailers and companies need to implement appropriate initiatives that address the psychological concerns of such customers. Online grocery businesses are in the most sophisticated field, and to make the business efficient, they can give consumers the chance to choose the nearest collection and deliver points that enable consumers to access the products in reasonable time. Availability of storage facilities and frozen food is also a technique to see business people benefit from online ventures. It is worth noting that dealing with consumable goods such as drinks vegetables or fruits need a high standard of hygiene; thus, retailers need to ascertain the hygiene levels of the agents they appoint to distribute goods on the retailers’ behalf. By putting in place measures to encourage online shoppers develop loyalty in commodities and brands, organizations and companies need to incorporate information security protocols that will assure buyers of the safety of their bank accounts, and the need to trust the websites. Once customers are convinced that their details are safe, retailers will be able to provide for the needs of customers in order to attract other buyers.

Killer Whale (Orca) Facts

Killer Whale (Orca) Facts With their striking black and white markings and prevalence at marine parks, the killer whale, also known as the orca or Orcinus orca, is probably one of the most easily-recognized cetacean species. The largest of the dolphin species, orcas live in oceans and seas around the world and can grow to 32 feet long and weigh up to six tons. The name killer whale originated with whalers, who called the species whale killer because of its tendency to prey on whales along with other species such as pinnipeds and fish. Over time, perhaps because of the whales tenacity and ferocity in hunting, the name was switched to killer whale. Fast Facts: Killer Whales (Orcas) Scientific Name: Orcinus orcaCommon Name(s): Killer whale, orca, blackfish, grampusBasic Animal Group:  Mammal  Ã‚  Size:16–26 feetWeight: 3–6 tonsLifespan: 29–60 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat:  All oceans and most seas with a preference for northern latitudesPopulation:  50,000Conservation  Status:  Data Deficient Description Killer whales, or orcas, are the largest member of the Delphinidae- the family of cetaceans known as the dolphins. Dolphins are a type of toothed whale, and members of the Delphinidae family share several characteristics- they have cone-shaped teeth, streamlined bodies, a pronounced beak (which is less pronounced in orcas), and one blowhole, rather than the two blowholes found in baleen whales. Male killer whales can grow to a maximum length of 32 feet, while females can grow to 27 feet in length. Males weigh up to six tons while females can weigh as little as three tons. An identifying characteristic of killer whales is their tall, dark dorsal fin, which is much larger in males- a males dorsal fin can reach a height of six feet, while a females dorsal fin can reach a maximum height of about three feet. Males also have larger pectoral fins and tail flukes. All killer whales have teeth on both their top and bottom jaws- 48 to 52 teeth in total. These teeth can be up to 4 inches long. Although toothed whales have teeth, they dont chew their food- they use their teeth for capturing and tearing food. Young killers whales get their first teeth at 2 to 4 months of age. Researchers identify individual killer whales by the size and shape of their dorsal fins, the shape of the saddle-shaped, light patch behind the dorsal fin, and scars or marks on their dorsal fins or bodies. Identifying and cataloging whales based on natural markings and characteristics is a type of research called photo-identification. Photo-identification allows researchers to learn about the life histories, distribution, and behavior of individual whales, and more about species behavior and abundance as a whole.   wildestanimal/Getty Images Habitat and Range Killer whales are often described as the most cosmopolitan of all cetaceans. They can be found in all oceans of the world, and not just in the open ocean- near shore, at the entrance to rivers, in semi-enclosed seas, near the equator, and in polar regions covered with ice. In the United States, orcas are most commonly found in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. Diet Killer whales are at the top of the food chain and have very diverse diets, feasting on fish, penguins, and marine mammals such as seals, sea lions, and even whales, employing teeth that can be four inches long. They are known to grab seals right off the ice. They also eat fish, squid, and seabirds. Gerard Soury/Getty Images Behavior Killer whales may work in pods to hunt their prey and have a number of interesting techniques to hunt prey, which includes working together to create waves to wash seals off ice floes and sliding onto beaches to capture prey. Killer whales use a variety of sounds for communicating, socializing and finding prey. These sounds include clicks, pulsed calls, and whistles. Their sounds are in the range of 0.1 kHz to about 40 kHz. Clicks are primarily used for echolocation, although they may also be used for communication. The pulsed calls of killer whales sound like squeaks and squawks and appear to be used for communication and socialization. They can produce sounds very rapidly- at a rate of up to 5,000 clicks per second. You can hear killer whale calls here on the Discovery of Sound in the Sea website. Different populations of killer whales make different vocalizations, and different pods within these populations may even have their own ​dialect. Some researchers can distinguish individual pods, and even matrilines (the line of relationship that can be traced from one mother to her offspring), just by their ​calls. Danita Delimont/Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring Killer whales reproduce slowly: Mothers give birth to a single baby about every three to 10 years, and pregnancy lasts for 17 months. Babies nurse for up to two years. Adult orcas generally help mothers to care for their young. While young orcas may separate from their birth pod as adults, many stay with the same pod throughout their lives. Male and female orcas. Kerstin Meyer / Getty Images Threats Orcas, like other cetaceans, are threatened by a range of human activities including noise, hunting, and habitat disturbance. Other threats faced by killer whales include pollution (orcas can carry chemicals such as PCBs, DDTs and flame retardants that can affect the immune and reproductive systems), ship strikes, reduction of prey due to overfishing, and loss of habitat, entanglement, ship strikes, irresponsible whale watching, and noise in the habitat, which can affect the ability to communicate and find prey. Conservation Status The International Union for Conservation of Nature had, for years, described orcas a conservation dependent. They changed that assessment to data deficient in 2008 to recognize the probability that different species of killer whales experience different levels of threat. Species Killer whales were long considered one species- Orcinus orca, but now it appears that there are several species (or at least, subspecies- researchers are still figuring this out) of orcas. As researchers learn more about orcas, they have proposed separating the whales into different species or subspecies based on genetics, diet, size, vocalizations, location and physical appearance. In the Southern Hemisphere, proposed species include those referred to as Type A (Antarctic), large type B (pack ice killer whale), small Type B (Gerlache killer whale), Type C (Ross Sea killer whale), and Type D (Subantarctic killer whale). In the Northern Hemisphere, proposed types include resident killer whales, Biggs (transient) killer whales, offshore killer whales, and Type 1 and 2 Eastern North Atlantic killer whales.   Determining species of killer whales is important not only in gaining information about the whales but in protecting them- it is difficult to determine the abundance of killer whales without even knowing how many species there are. Killer Whales and Humans According to Whale and Dolphin Conservation, there were 45 killer whales in captivity as of April 2013. Due to protection in the U.S. and restrictions on trade, most parks now obtain their killer whales from captive breeding programs. This practice has even been controversial enough that SeaWorld stated in 2016 that it would stop breeding orcas.  While the viewing of captive orcas has likely inspired thousands of budding marine biologists and helped scientists learn more about the species, it is a controversial practice due to the potential effects on the whales health and ability to socialize naturally. Sources â€Å"Orcas: Killer Whales Are the Larges Dolphin Species.†Ã‚  Orcas (Killer Whales): Facts and Information, 25 Mar. 2019, www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/o/orca/.NOAA. â€Å"Killer Whale.†Ã‚  NOAA Fisheries, www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/killer-whale.â€Å"Orca.†Ã‚  National Wildlife Federation, www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Mammals/Orca.

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 51

Personal Statement Example The knowledge obtained by combining management and financial study is essential as it facilitates the development of strategic decisions. At the same time, the two disciplines ensure effective adoption and implementation of policies and plans aimed at achieving the organisations objectives. Asset allocation is one of the fields where management and financial strategy are often intertwined. This investment strategy involves creating a balance between risk and reward by adjusting the percentage of an asset. Therefore, critical thinking that is a skill obtained in management is significant in determining business’s risk tolerance, goals and investment time frame (Pandey 2009:70). Moreover, the external environment is often bombarded with issues such as inflation. Inflation is a current issue that can cause significant distortions in the economy. A market that is experiencing inflation discourages savings, reduces economic growth and can discourage investors. Management cannot rely on their knowledge regarding the market. Therefore, management would be expected to conduct research on the environmental forces that would affect its resources and thus inhibit the achievement of the set objectives. When it comes to inflation, management is expected to utilise its financ ial tools so as to come up with an effective financial strategy that would ensure the firm’s success. Studying finance is important as it enables a manager to ensure proper allocation of money. The business operates in a financial environment in which there are a constant inflow and outflow of money. Without proper financial management, a firm would be unable to account properly for the financial resources available. For example, if a small business took a small loan and used it to finance its fixed assets. The short loan is a liability that has to be paid back within one year. However, the firm may find it difficult to sell the assets within one year. The company may find itself unable to pay

Westboro Baptist Church or Current Controversial Topic Essay

Westboro Baptist Church or Current Controversial Topic - Essay Example Later, in his testimony during the court case about the WBC’s deplorable actions—actions that should be stopped by community action and by legislation—Snyder stated, â€Å""They turned this funeral into a media circus and they wanted to hurt my family. They wanted their message heard and they didn't care who they stepped over. My son should have been buried with dignity, not with a bunch of clowns outside† (â€Å"Father† n.p.). The Westboro Baptist Church, located in Topeka, Kansas, has been protesting at funerals since 1991. As of 2009, they claim to have participated in over 41,000 protests in over 650 cities, and spend an average of $250,000 a year on picketing. They travel all over the U.S. to picket the funerals of anyone associated with gay people. For example, they picketed at the 1998 funeral of murder victim Matthew Shepherd and the 2010 funeral of Elizabeth Edwards because she supported gay people (Borger n.p.). The WBC also protests at funerals of slain military personnel like Snyder’s.Why would the WBC participate in such activities—activities that even Fox News commentator Bill O’Reilly calls â€Å"evil and despicable† (Cohen n.p.)? ... They picket at funerals to express their views, and to get the word out about their opposition to gay rights, the Catholic Church, Jews, and other topics. They believe that anyone who is opposed to their way of seeing things is going to hell, and they feel compelled to make sure that people know this. Several weeks after Matthew Snyder’s funeral, for example, the WBC denounced Snyder’s family for raising their son Catholic. There have been many responses to their actions. One of these is through the courts, which is what the Snyder family did. Later in 2007, they sued Fred Phelps, the Westboro Baptist Church, and two of Phelps’ daughters on several legal grounds, including defamation and invasion of privacy. The suit claimed that Phelps’ religious views did not expose the Snyders to public hatred or scorn. The WBC’s main defense, in addition to exercising their constitutional right to free speech and free assembly, was that they had complied with al l local ordinances regarding picketing and had obeyed all police instructions. The picket occurred 1000 feet from the funeral site, in a location cordoned off by the police, and could neither be seen or heard by the funeral participants. The judge, in his instructions to the jury, said that they needed to decide â€Å"whether the defendant's actions would be highly offensive to a reasonable person, whether they were extreme and outrageous and whether these actions were so offensive and shocking as to not be entitled to First Amendment protection† (Donaldson-Evans n.p.). This is the crux of the argument against the WBC, and perhaps explains the outcome of the case: the jury awarded Albert Snyder almost $3 million in punitive damages for invasion

Privacy and Misuse of Private Information Essay

Privacy and Misuse of Private Information - Essay Example More specifically, the essay will address whether Clive can prevent publication of information regarding him, based on the law on breach of confidence and protection of personal information. Privacy and misuse of Private Information According to Crone et al (2002, p 93), the enactment of the law on breach of confidence and protection of personal information resulted from the need to protect personal secrets. In the recent years, people have used the law to prevent the publication of confidential information, especially in the mass media. In Clive’s case, the Daily Scandal wants to publish information about him. An action for breach of confidence can be the most appropriate to prevent against publication of personal information. Clive can easily obtain an injunction restraining the publication of information regarding cheating on his wife and attending the notorious club. He should take legal action, in which the court will apply an action called ‘blanket ban’ that prevents the magazine from publishing the photos. Under the law of breach of confidence, the Clive can prove several facts to prevent the daily scandal from publishing the information. One of these facts can be showing that the information contains adequate quality of confidence. The daily scandal has threatened to publish secret information about Clive, without his authority. ... This gives Clive the opportunity to take an action against them on the basis of ‘imputed confidential relationship.’ The court will grant the action of injunction since the differences between Clive and wife have not featured in the public domain (Aplin 2007, p 145). Tanya (2007, p 334) asserts that a person has the right to prevent the publication of this information since it does not affect the public in any way. Under this law, the media should not publish information about a person if the information does not touch on the public. Matters regarding marital unfaithfulness can be considered to be private. As such, they should not be made public; the information only refers to Clive and his wife. The media do not have an obligation to make public Clive’s personal information. Aplin observes that the law states that secrecy should not be exposed; instead, Clive and wife should be allowed to settle their differences using the due court process. Publicizing the wrong s of Clive will only worsen the relationship with his wife. As such, he can be in a position to deter the daily scandal from publicizing his photos and other information about him (Aplin 2007, p 150). He has the right to prevent the newspaper from publishing information regarding him since the information cannot be considered to be of public interest. Therefore, the ‘daily scandal’ cannot defend itself on grounds of ‘iniquity.’ The court does not intervene in the publication of public information concerning an iniquity (Stanley, 2009). In this case, the information concerning Clive attending the club and cheating on his wife cannot be regarded to be of public interest. Based on this, the daily scandal does not have an obligation to expose Clive’s conduct. Thus, they should not publicize the

Enzyme Kinetics Laboratory Report

Enzyme Kinetics Laboratory Report How the changes in substrate concentration (PNPP), changes in temperature, changes in pH and the presence of an inhibitor (phosphate ions) effects the rate of reaction of the reaction between PNPP and water catalysed by the enzyme acid phosphates which produces PNP and phosphate as its products . Using spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance of the products formed through hydrolysis of substrate. Abstract: The purpose of this scientific paper was to replicate earlier findings of experiments in enzyme kinetics and to see if enzyme behaviour and activity is influenced by 4 factors- change in substrate concentration, temperature, pH and the presence of a competitive inhibitor. In the first section where the substrate concentration was altered whilst the enzyme concentration was kept constant the relationship was found to be hyperbolic this can be explained using the Michaelis -Menten equation and the Lineweaver burk plot which was also used to obtain Km values of 0.25 and Vmax values of 0.12UNIT. The increase in [S] increased the rate of reaction at first but when [S] too much the initial velocity started to decrease. The increase in temperature led to a general increase in the initial velocity until the temperature reached 347 K where the enzyme denatured. The optimum temperature of the reaction was in the range 310 K- 323.2 where the rate increased at its fastest. The third section was the effect of pH on the enzyme activity. The optimum pH of the reaction was 5.5. This pH gave the highest reading of absorbance which means that the rate of hydrolysis was at its highest. Finally the last section of the experiment was the effect of competitive inhibitor on the rate of reaction. The investigation showed that the inhibitor used (phosphate ions) was a non-competitive inhibitor. The inhibitor did lower the initial velocity of the reaction when it attached to the enzyme at random. Introduction: This laboratory report is on the topic of enzyme kinetics, previous work in this particular field was carried out in the 1700s, when biological catalyst enzymes were discovered and studied. As understanding of enzymes increased scientist carried out basic laboratory experiments such as the conversion of starch to sugar by saliva to increase their understating of enzymes and how they function. However the first actual incident where enzymes were understood in detail was in 1897-by Edward Buchner .Since then on, till this period of time factors which effect the velocity/ rate of reaction and enzymes have been studied widely by many scientists globally. The modern scientists have a deep understanding of enzyme kinetics. The purpose of this laboratory report is to confirm previous findings covered in various sources of scientific literature and journals. Enzymes are often described as organic catalysts which increase the rate of reaction of a bio-chemical reaction ( David L.Nelson etal 2008). Enzymes increase the rate velocity of various reactions that occur in a biological system such as the mammalian digestive system. Enzymes can have functions including transfer, synthesis or breakdown of molecules. It is important to mention that enzymes are proteins which speed up the rate of reaction without being used up themselves i.e. they are reusable. Enzymes have a very specific active site which is complementary to a specific substrate 3 dimensional structure. The specificity is due to the complementary hydrophilic/hydrophobic charge, electrical charge and shape of active site on the enzyme. The binding of an enzyme with an specific substrate produces an enzyme substrate complex (ES).The rate at which the enzyme substrate complex is formed is dramatically increased or decreased in changes in substrate concentration, temperature, pH and presence of an competitive inhibitor the effect of these 4 factors on the enzyme activity is known as enzyme kinetics (Jeremy M. Berg etal 2006).Enzymes work on the concept of transition states. Transition state of enzymes is the phase where the substrate is not a yet a product and not a substrate. Enzymes reduce this phase .The difference between the free energy of the reactants and the free energy of the transition state is the activation energy (Ea).The minimum energy required for a success full reaction to occur. Enzymes speed up the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier. A typical enzyme substrate reaction can be simplified and be written as: The enzyme studied in this investigation was acid phosphatase. This enzyme can be identified by its Enzyme Commission Number (EC number) which is 3.1.3.2. Now I will briefly discuss the enzyme kinetic properties of acid phosphatase. The enzyme acid phosphatase catalyses the removal of phosphate group from organic molecules. Its primary mechanism of action is to bring a substrate molecule into contact with a molecule of water .This results in catalysis and the removal of phosphate group. Finally an hydroxyl group is attached to the substrate molecule. An example of this is the reaction shown below. This reaction was studied in this laboratory investigation. Acid phosphatase p-nitrophenylphosphate (PNPP) + water phosphate + p-nitrophenol(PNP) In the reaction above PNPP is the synthetic substrate, which is described as chromogenic.At. At high purity this compound is completely colourless. PNPP is hydrolysed by the enzyme acid phosphatase this produces phosphate and PNP. The product produced is yellow and can be measured using a colorimeter. The first part of the investigation concerns the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of reaction. I predict and expect that at an increase in substrate concentration (PNPP) will lead to an increased rate if reaction/initial rate. The reason for this is that an increase in substrate concentration increases the chances of a successful collision occurring between the enzyme and substrate increasing the likelihood of ES complex and product (PNP) formation results in an overall increase rate of reaction. This will produce a fist order reaction on a graph. However it is important to mention that at high substrate concentration the enzyme will be fully saturated this will reduce the rate of reaction as the there are too many substrate than enzymes. On a graph this would show a plateau. The maximum velocity of the reaction or the Vmax would be expected to be close to this region. Therefore I predict to see a hyperbolic relationship on a graph. Section B of this investigation concerns the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction. I would exepcet to find that an increase in temperature would result in an increase in the rate of reaction. The reason for this phenomenon is that as there is increase in kinetic energy being applied to enzymes and substrates it increases the chances of collision occurring so more product (PNP) is formed per unit time. However I also believe that temperatures above 50 -70 degrees Celsius would denature the enzymes active site and the 3 dimensional structures. At this stage the enzyme will not be complementary in shape to the substrate. This would mean that no reaction can be completed so the rate of reaction will decrease. It is important to state that the enzyme is going to have an optimum temperature at which the ES complexes and products are made at the fastest velocity. The increase in temperature increase the amount of molecules which have higher energy than the Ea barrier this in turn increases the amount of molecules which can react increasing the rate of reaction or initial velocity. I believe the optimum temperature is going to range between 20-40 degrees Celsius. The third part of this lab report is based on the effect of pH on the rate of reaction again I believe that at extremes of pH such as acidity or alkalinity will affect the rate of reaction. This may cause the enzymes structure to denature and will cause a lower rate of reaction and lower rate of product formation because the enzyme will not be complementary to the substrate. I would expect this enzyme to have a low optimum pH of around 5-2 as it is acid. Finally the last section of this investigation concerns the effect of a competitive inhibitor (phosphate ions) on the rate of reaction. Inhibitor in this case the phosphate ions will compete with the actual substrate PNPP for the active site of the enzyme acid phosphatase. These inhibitors can only attach to the active site of the enzyme due to their complementary properties. The concentration of the inhibitors will be kept constant and the concentration of the substrate PNPP will be altered. I believe that as the concentration of PNPP increases the rate of reaction will increase this is because the PNPP can out- compete the competitive inhibitor and reverse the effect of the inhibitor. Materials and Methods: All procedures were carried out as described in the lab schedule. No alterations were made to any of the procedures carried out throughout the experiment. Discussion: The first section of this lab report relates the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity. I shall briefly discuss and explain what my data shows and means. Graph 3 which is the graph of Michaelis Menten of collected data. The relationship between the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction and the substrate concentration can be describes as hyperbolic. The graph and tables 2 show that as the concentration of substrate (PNPP) increases from 0.00 Mmols to 0.20 Mmols of substrate the initial velocity or the rate of reaction shows an increase in too. The relationship can be describes as fist order as the [V] rises almost linearly with the increase in [S]. However after the concentration increase from 0.20- to 3.00 Mmols the initial velocity shows a gradual increase and then gradually levels of or slopes here graph shows 0 order relationship. This supports the prediction I made in the introduction. The graphs indicates that as the concentration of substrate increase the rate of reaction increase this is because of the increase chances of a collision between a substrate and an enzyme. This in turn increases the rate at which ES and P are formed. However after the concentration increase after 0.20 3.00 Mmols the rate stars to level off. The reasoning behind is this is that there are too many substrates than compared to enzymes an all enzymes are described to be fully saturated .At this phase the reaction is at its Maximum velocity and cannot increase in rate unless more enzymes are added therefore enzyme concentration is the limiting factor. I can tell that the data I collected from the experiment in the lab is accurate and valid as the graph which compares the theatrical data and the collected data show similarities in the trend line the Vmax the km and as well as the points and there is no anomalous data point on either of the 3 graphs. My findings support the findings of many previous investigations and journals as the graphs show a similar relationship as to the findings to previous work. The implications of this investigation can be used widely to determine the Vmax and KM. These values can be used for medical purposes since the enzyme acid phosphatase is manufactured by the body to remove phosphate groups. The limitation of Michaels Menten plot is that the Km and Vmax cannot be accurately determined. Therefore a Lineweaver burk plot is plotted. The Lineweaver burk plot shows that the KM and Vmax are very similar to the ones from the Michaelis Menten plot. Finally KM is an approximate measure of the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate.A small value of KM indicates a high affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. From my graphs (1 +2) I can tell that the KM was 0.24 and therefore small. This means that the enzyme acid phosphatase has a high affinity for the synaesthetic substrate PNPP. This means that small concentration of substrate PNPP is enough to run the reaction at half of maximum velocity (1/2 Vmax). The next section of the investigation concerns the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction. I predicted an increase in temperature will increase the rate of reaction or the initial velocity of the e reaction until the enzyme denatures and the protein sequence becomes damaged an unravels. The actual reason for why the protein sequences unravel is that the protein has too much kinetic energy and the amino acids vibrate and this causes the non covalent forces to be weakened. There is an increase in the rate of reaction as the temperature increases from 278 -323 K the increase is almost linear. However after the temperature 323 K-to 347 K the enzyme denatures and unravels. This is proved by the last point on the graph which doesnt fit the line of best fit. Overall the graphs and data all prove my predictions correct. There is no other anomalous data present. The third section concerns the effect of pH on the rate of reaction. As we have discovered before the enzyme used was acid phosphatase so the pH at which it works at best the optimum temperature will be in the acidic pH regions. I can confirm from my graph that the optimum pH of the reaction is in the region 5-5.5 which is indeed acidic. pH of 5.5 gives the highest absorption value, this therefore means that the rate of hydrolysis was at its fastest. A possible explanation for the change in the experimental design is that the pH may denature the enzyme if the enzyme was added first the active site and 3 dimensional shape of the enzyme could be altered at extremes of pH such as 2 which is quite acidic. The pH does not affect the substrates 3 dimensional structure in the same ways as the enzymes. Therefore to obtain valid results /data the design for this part of the experiment was slightly altered. pH has a very strong effect on enzyme activity .This is because enzymes work on the basis of mechanisms such as induced fit hypothesis and lock and key . The enzymes have a specific active site due to the complementary 3 dimensional active site with the substrate. According to the induced fit hypothesis the enzyme can undergo some change in the 3- dimensional structure in order to fit the substrate. However a change in pH changes the enzymes active site structure. An increase in H+ ions can change the active site structure due to the fact that h+ ions can interfere with any polar molecules on enzymes protein structure. Amino acids side chains can be protonated and may be damaged due to the extreme pH (concentration of H+ )this may result in the protein sequence to unravel which means that the active site is not complementary to the substrate and the rate of reaction decreases as no or little ES are formed which results in little products formed. The final section concerns the effect of a competitive inhibitor (phosphate ions) on the rate of reaction. From my graph I can tell that the inhibitor present was an non-competitive inhibitor. I can tell this by looking at the Lineweaver Burk plot where the trend lines cross the 1/Vmax intercept at different values but cross the 1/km intercept at the same values. This means that this type of inhibitor does not affect the KM but does lower the Vmax values. Non competitive inhibitor has the same effect as lowering the total volume of enzyme. This type of inhibition is reversible. It binds to a site away from the enzymes active site it denatures the active site so no other substrates can bind to the active site. This in turn lowers the rate of reaction and the rate at which products are formed. However this type of inhibitor also binds to the enzyme substrate complex I can therefore conclude that the non competitive inhibitor does lower the rate at which the products are formed. References: Books: David L. Nelson et al (2008) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ,W.H Freeman and Company Jeremy M. Berg et al (2006) Biochemistry, W.H Freeman and Company Lab schedule (2009) Enzyme Kinetics MODULE LSC10034 EXPERIMENT 4 Lecture Notes: Lectures notes (2009) Dr John Mills- Module LSC-10034 Proteins and Enzymes lectures 9, 10, 11 (Figures 1-5) Absorbance values- Table 4 and Table 6 Emma Ezekiel Web Pages: EC Number -http://www.brenda-enzymes.org/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=3.1.3.2 Seen :20 November 2009