Income Gap Between The Upper Class And The Lower Class

In recent years the way wealth is distributed in the United States has sharply increased, causing an income gap between the upper class and the lower class. The country is becoming a banana republic in which most of the wealth is owned by the top 1%. This small percentage of the population is mainly composed of the entrepreneurs, businessmen, and lawyers. Although the United States is a democracy, in recent years, it has become a plutocracy nation. The wealth inequality plays a major role in this and if this trend between the upper class and the lower class continues it could cause many problems. First of all, having a country run by only a relatively small amount of people could be a concern because the power is in the hands of people at†¦show more content†¦The top 1% grew their incomes by 86.1% since 1933; the top 5%, or 15 million individuals, have seen their incomes rise while everyone else is flat to down†. The wealthy are becoming even wealthier while the bottom 80% haven’t seen any changes in the amount of income they make. Their wages have been in a stagnant position. While those at the top have doubled their incomes. They even have the opportunity to generate more income by investing in other businesses to increase their profits. While those who are at the bottom are minimum wage workers making just enough to support their families. On the hand, the upper-class wealth has more than doubled and the lower class are still financially unstable since the Great Recession. The income inequality plays a major role in turning a nation into a plutocracy. Due to these wealth distributions, there is no doubt that the United States is a plutocratic nation run by the wealthy. On the other hand, income equality has many harmful effects on those who are at the bottom. Since there is a vast gap between the upper class and the lower class it could cause many health related problems. For example, according to the University of York, those who are at the bottom are not only behind in the amount of income they generate, but there is a gap in their life expectancy. The professors from the University of York state, â€Å"Growing health inequality is often portrayed as a result of people’s lifestyleShow MoreRelatedThe Upper Middle Class : Great Impact On The Whole Society868 Words   |  4 Pagesclasses, such as the middle class has three different classes, lower-middle class, middle-middle class, and upper-middle class. Those classes inside a class also represent some kind of social problems as a whole. Recently there has been a hot topic whether the upper middle class has great impact on the whole society. The gap between the upper middle class and the r est of the middleman has become wider and wider because of incomes, education, families, and marriages. Since the gap is widening, it createsRead MoreSocial Inequality And Social Class Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pagesto the American people. Here in the United States, the current social class system is known as the class system, where families are distributed and placed into three different existing class—the upper class (wealthy), middle class (working), and lower class (poor). Since then, improvisations have been worked on into the class system, establishing now roughly six social classes: upper class, new money, middle class, working class, working poor, and poverty level. Social stratification is a widely commonRead MoreWage Gap Between The Middle Class And The Upper Class1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Wage is a topic that is constantly covered in the media. One big issue is the growing wage gap between the middle class and the upper class. While minimum wage increases are considered a good method to reduce income inequality, they are controversial since many business owners and economists argue that they increase the unemployment rate. Impact of minimum wage on employment One concern that is commonly mentioned during the debate on raising minimum wage is the loss of employment asRead MoreMacroeconomics Research Project : Income Inequality924 Words   |  4 PagesMacroeconomics Research Project: Income Inequality Income Inequality means the uneven income is distributed among individuals in a company, groups in a population, or countries in the world. â€Å"One-fourth of American employees make less than $10 per hour, which is the income that below the Federal poverty level† (Amadeo). Those are the people like cashier, waiters, or fast food clerks. There is a huge gap between rich people and poor people. The rich people are getting richer while the poor peopleRead MoreIncome Inequality and Society1028 Words   |  5 Pages Income Inequality’s affect on Society Income inequality is on the rise and it is evident in most cities throughout the United States. There are individuals with six to seven figure incomes and then there are individuals whose income is just enough to get by. The middle class is not as prominent as the upper and lower class. This should be the other way around. There should not be so many cities with very wealthy neighborhoods right next door to low class, rundown neighborhoods, with little middleRead MoreThe Myth Of Individual Opportunity1306 Words   |  6 Pagesin the lower classes of American society. Notable educators and authors such as Gregory Mantsios and Diana Kendall have brought the problems of American society to attention, claiming that the rich are getting richer and the poor continue to remain poor. In his essay, â€Å"Class in America – 2009,† Mantsios discusses the myths that revolve around class in America, and then refutes these myths by describing the realities of the society Americans live in. Similarly, in her essay, â€Å"Framing Class, VicariousRead MoreRhetorical Strategies Of Richard Reeves s The Dangerous Separation Of The American Upper Middle Class 1060 Words   |  5 PagesDangerous Separation of the American Upper Middle Class Publisher, Richard V. Reeves, in his online article, The Dangerous Separation of the American Upper Middle Class, shares how income, education, and political power has caused a split in the upper middle class. Reeves s purpose is to convey the idea that the upper middle class has shifted from being a sociological curiosity to an economic and political problem. Reeves outlines how the upper middle class that was once considered an accessibleRead MoreAmerica s Income And Wealth Inequality987 Words   |  4 PagesToday in America, income and wealth inequality has continued to grow at an unsettling pace. The rich continue to get richer, while the number of people categorized as lower class grows exponentially. As Joseph Stiglitz has explained, many theories that are seen as strongly Republican, such as the trickle-down effect, has caused the rich to take money from the poor, and as a result the lower class grows and the middle class disintegrates. The top 1 percent of America’s h ouseholds currently holds 30Read MoreWhy We Should Be Stopped Immediately905 Words   |  4 Pagesinequality in wages and income between the upper-class , middle-class and the rest of the country employees , which is usually called one versus ninety-nine percent in the U.S. Inequality in income is also one of the biggest reason for the conflict happens every day because it pushes millions of American to be close the edge or poverty . It can be called as the wide class gap. Based on pewresearch.org : â€Å"In more than thirty years , from 1983 to 2013 , the top five percent and the high class had double theirRead MoreHow Do Members Of The Upper Class Today Modern Western Society Influence The General Population?1275 Words   |  6 PagesHow do members of the upper class in modern Western society influence the general population? Introduction In modern Western societies, the upper class is a social class made up of 1-2 percent of the population that wields the majority of the population’s wealth (Boundless, 2015). It is this 1-2 percent that also has the power to influence the behavior of people in lower social classes, such as the middle and lower class (Boundless, 2015). However, it is how this minority in Western society influences

Business Macroeconomics - 1375 Words

Business Macro-Economics Question A: GDP 1. GDP is the market value of all goods and services produced within a country over a given period of time; it is primarily used to gauge a countrys economy and is also viewed as the size of the economy at a particular period of time. Moreover, GDP is a comparison made between the previous year and the current year to check the countrys economic growth over time. However, measuring GDP is complicated but at its most basic, its calculation is done by either adding up everyones yearly earnings or adding up what everyone spent; logically both measures lead to the same total (United States Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2009). The basic formula for calculating the GDP is; Y = C + I + E + G C =1000; I =200; E =300 and G =250 Y = 1000 + 200 + 300 + 250 = 1750 Y = 1750 2. Whenever a countrys exports exceed imports, then it will add to the GDP but if imports are more than the exports it subtracts from the GDP. More exports by a country increases the foreign income flow to the country which has the effect of increasing the GDP while elevated levels of imports increases the countrys foreign debts which has the effect of lowering the GDP. If we are able to increase our domestic energy production which allows us to import less oil from foreign countries, then it would positively impact the nations GDP. Question B: Inflation 1. Rising inflation and prices has the effect of increasing the inflation rate. Inflation isShow MoreRelatedMacroeconomic Variables Affecting a Business Environment2192 Words   |  9 PagesCHAPTER 1 QUESTION: IDENTIFY AND EXPLAIN TEN (10) MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES AFFECTING A NAMED BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT. HOW CAN THESE BE REGULATED? INTRODUCTION In todays world, no business operates in isolation without interacting with the environment where it operates. Irrespective of the nature of business whether public or private organization; manufacturing; service industry; local or international firm, its operations are inhibited by the environment in which it operates. During 2003-2007Read MoreMacroeconomic Impact on Business Operations1812 Words   |  8 PagesMacroeconomic Impact on ï ¿ ½ PAGE * MERGEFORMAT ï ¿ ½9ï ¿ ½ Running head: MACROECONOMIC IMPACT ON BUSINESS OPERATIONS Macroeconomic Impact on Business Operations University of Phoenixï ¿ ½ This paper will address the how the monetary policy has an impact on the factors of macroeconomics, such as gross domestic product (GDP), interest rates, inflation, and unemployment. 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The households in the economy are majorly interested in the macroeconomic analysis to determine and know how a slight change in general priceRead MoreEcon 2301 Study Guide1079 Words   |  5 PagesECON 2301: Principles of Macroeconomics Hennessy ECON 2301 Principles of Macroeconomics Time: Th 7:05 pm – 9:45 pm Synonym: 40512 Section: 023 Room: NRG2 2120 Instructor: Gregory Hennessy Office: NRG PB3 Hours: Th 6:30 pm – 7:00 pm Th 9:45 pm – 10:15 pm And by appointment Phone: Email: Course Description Principles of Macroeconomics deals with consumers as a whole, producers as a whole, the effects of government spending and taxation policies, and the effects of the monetary policy carriedRead MoreComparative Analysis Of Chinese And Greece Financial Crises Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesFINANCIAL CRISES The failure of macroeconomic factors largely resulted in the financial calamities for both China and European nations such as Greece. 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Traditions and Customs of The Jewish Culture Essay

There are many different cultures that surround us everyday; each one with its own unique customs and lifestyles. The Jewish culture contains some of the oldest traditions and customs that date back thousands of years. This culture has survived everything from exile to almost being diminished during the Holocaust. The Jewish culture has a unique culture, that has much to share with the world around them. Unlike some cultures, the Jewish are very open to others. Their general attitude is that they are above no one. The Jewish culture believes it is very important to be open, good hearted, and considerate to those around (Culture and Customs). The Jewish also have many different greetings they use in their everyday lives. The most common†¦show more content†¦Making sure utensils do not get mix together when making meat or dairy products is also important in the Jewish culture. While the Jewish diet is very strict in its details, the personal appearance has somewhat looser cons traints. Most Jewish people dress in what is considered normal attire (such as jeans and regular shirts). However, when attending religious services, men are required to war a â€Å"kippah† (head covering), and women must wear long skirts (Culture and Customs). As can be seen, while the diet of the Jewish culture may hold stricter requirements, the dress of the culture is almost equivalent to that of the Western society. Language is required in any culture for proper communication. There are two major languages associated with the Jewish culture; Hebrew and Yiddish. In todays world Hebrew is mostly reserved for prayer and religious services, while Yiddish is the most common for everyday language (Intermarriage QA). Examples of Hebrew words are aba (father) or meytav halchulim (best wishes), and one may hear Yiddish words such as feh! (disgust) or kvetsh (complain). Language may be important for communication, but religion is the true center of the Jewish culture. 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The Israelites’ way of life was influenced by their religion. They maintained their faith even when they were being exiled. Thei r work, customs, laws, and other things were all influenced by their Jewish religionRead MoreReflection of Juduasm Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesJudaism is a religious tradition with origins dating back nearly four thousand years, rooted in the ancient region of Canaan, which is now known as the land between Israel and Palestine. Judaism did not emerge until the 1st century C.E. Judaism traces its heritage to the covenant God made with Abraham and his lineage that God would make them a sacred people and give them a holy land. The primary characters of Israelite culture include the great patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and the prophet MosesRead MoreUnderstanding the Relation Between Judaism and Christianity844 Words   |  4 Pagesits early preaching. The customs and traditions that early Christians followed were mostly Jewish traditions. 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It has an significant past with three major religions: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. It is quite remarkable that Southwest Asia has been a holy place for all three, and although it causes turmoil it is important to understand the three religions and their customs. Such information may help us not to judge so quickly or perhaps to grow in our kn owledge about the world. Hopefully this will help everyone to have a wider view ofRead MoreBenefits Of Marriage During Today s Contemporary Society1024 Words   |  5 Pagesalike due to the difference in religion and/or culture. For example a Christian wedding has different customs than a Hindu wedding as a result of different beliefs and traditions. There are different types of marriages such as an arranged marriage and love marriages; however in the modern society many people have love Marriages. Aside from the types of marriages mentioned above, endogamy and exogamy are important factors for marriage. Endogamy is the custom of marrying a person within one’s community

Investigating the grammatical features of a child Essay Example For Students

Investigating the grammatical features of a child Essay At this stage I had only just turned three years old, and therefore one would expect that my linguistic and vocabulary knowledge is not yet as exhaustive and extensive as it would be in another two or three years. It seems that in this situation, I am not aware of the correct verb use, and the stutter could be a way of trying to express something that is not yet in my vocabulary. Georgie (mumbling on phone) Hello but erm dont touch that salt, cos you dont like salt do ya? Its ready now Jamie You have to put the salt in there Georgie (undecipherable) Jamie! Dont play with it! You dont you dont have to you dont dont have to play games with it! This conversation shows me getting annoyed with my brother, and I stuttered slightly before getting my words out. The fact that I had to repeat some words more than once perhaps suggest that I was not particularly comfortable with that sentence structure; I was still learning how to use commands, and therefore could not yet use them with ease. 09/06/92 Georgie One day, she rided a trolley, she had to walk in there. She had to walk cos she didnt have her buggy! This sentence taken from the 09/06/92 data shows briefly the sort of grammatical mistakes made by myself at the age of three. It seems feasible that a young child would make the highlighted mistake; since they have been learning the structure and forms of language, they have been taught the rules of the English Language. One of these rules is that in the past tense, one adds an ed to the end of the word. Simply put, a young child cannot yet understand the idea that some words dont follow the standard conventions. Therefore when it comes to an irregular verb, a child will assume the rules of language automatically and not think anything of it. Hence, the child will use the verb incorrectly, yet it is still understandable what they mean. Grammatically, at the age of three a child is capable of structuring a sentence, yet in some cases, the morphology and syntax may interfere with the accuracy of the sentence. Sometimes a child will not know exactly which order to phrase the words in, or in which context to use certain words. In the majority of cases, a child will express an utterance which is mildly or dramatically incorrect and yet an adult will still be able to fathom the main point of the sentence. Possibly, this shows that syntax is the not the dominant factor in understanding a childs speech, and that, although grammar is important in language use, perhaps it is not essential for actually understanding a situation; if a situation is accompanied with various prosodic and paralinguistic features in order to emphasise the context, it is likely that a recipient will be able to understand the semantic field of the utterance. This can be seen in the above transcript, where I made some grammar mistakes, and whilst my lexical choices were correct, the syntax was slightly jumbled; yet the utterance is still, in fact, understandable. 25/12/92 Georgie That was what Father Christmas eat last night? The first sentence shows the wrong verb tense being used; however this could be more of a pronunciation issue than grammar, as the correct form ate could be pronounced differently by a young child. Again, it is still fathomable what is meant by it. Georgie No, Ill set it all up after This sentence shows my capability of forming a fairly complex sentence; everything is Standard English from the subject pronoun, to the verb tense and general syntax of the utterance. This is only nine months after the first transcript shown above, and it shows how important and rapidly language development occurs in a child, as nine months ago, I stuttered and was unable to accrue the grammatical knowledge to form a perfect sentence. This utterance shows my newly acquired knowledge and even demonstrates my ability to use the future tense accurately. Georgie Ill leave it there with that one Similarly, this sentence is formed in a parallel way to the former, and therefore I am once again capable of developing it accurately, further highlighting my grammatical development in just nine months. Georgie Mind me Jamie! You nearly lost my, made my eyes water! Made my eyes water! This utterance shows me lecturing my brother; however I couldnt find the words in my vocabulary to express what I meant, therefore making it grammatically incorrect. This appears to be a form of regression, as it illustrates my incapability of expressing a standard sentence, when in previous utterances I have been able to form them accurately. Perhaps this suggests that whilst a child is comfortable expressing emotionless sentences, it may be more difficult to form a phrase with an emotion attached i. e, anger, in this example. Georgie What she say? Mum This is fun. This is fun Georgie What did she say? Oddly enough, this conversation shows me saying the same thing twice; however the first time, I omitted the verb, and the second time I used the verb. This perhaps suggests that a child does understand the formation of a sentence, but maybe it is laziness or other external factors that causes a child to miss out a vital part of a sentence. Child Abuse EssayGeorgie Look how much Ive got whoa youve got more than me! This sentence shows that I have confused the word many with much and used it incorrectly. The rest of my utterance is grammatically correct, and I have used the correct subject pronouns and verbs. Georgie Ive got more than you Thomas Tom Ive got more than you Georgie No, I have got more than Thomas havent I? I was obviously aware of how to stress something by the time I was this age; starting with stringing the subject pronoun and verb together (Ive), to saying I have, shows that I knew how to make a statement and exaggerate my utterances. I was trying to make a point that I have more strawberries than Tom and needed reassurance from a parent. Georgie Cos if you do shes gonna be mine and Jamies step-mum. Would we call her mum or would we still call her Shelley? Here, I form a perfect grammatical sentence, in the accurate tenses, based on an unpredictable and random conversation. A couple of years ago, it is unlikely that I would have been able to form such an accurate sentence; showing clearly my language development over time. Georgie No no! No, James! Jamie just put some of my strawberries in your pot in his pot This sentence sees me making a grammatical error in terms of pronoun use, but then correcting myself. This shows just how much I have developed linguistically, as I no longer need an adult to correct my mistakes. Georgie It was on holiday and we went on the swings and we see it land in the on the grass The grammatical error made here is fairly obvious; I have mixed up the past tense with the present tense and said see instead of saw. This shows that even by this age, I was still prone to making a few grammatical mistakes. However, it is also evident from my transcripts that no effort was made to correct me, which perhaps suggests that as a child grows older, the amount of child directed speech used dwindles. 3. Does a child display confusion on a particular conversational aspect of language at the age of three but fully understand the concept by the time they reach five? ANALYSIS When trying to analyse the findings to fulfil the requirements of this question, it became apparent that there were two specific transcripts that could provide useful. At Christmas 1992, I was three years old and couldnt grasp the concept of showing appreciation for a gift that I didnt actually ask for: 25/12/92 Georgie Oh, just what I didnt want mum Mum Just like you didnt want? Georgie No, I didnt want (undecipherable) look. I didnt even want it did I? Jamie Ive got a big present Georgie Look mummy, I didnt even want it Mum Lets have a look Georgie No I didnt even want it I didnt Dad You didnt even want it? Georgie But I like it, I want it Mum (laughs) Georgie I do want it, now Jamie She didnt ask for it did she Mum Is that what shes saying? Thats what shes saying At the age of three, a child is still learning the basic foundations to build more complex forms of language. Context is important in this situation I have received a gift that I had not asked for, and whilst I possessed the knowledge to show that the gift was not something I had previously requested, I was unable to express this thought in accurate language. Firstly, the verb to ask was swapped for the verb to want, which is socially thought of as ruder in this particular context. By saying I didnt want something, it may have come across as unappreciative and impolite. What is also noticeable about this specific transcript is that everything else within my walls of language use was precise and accurate. In terms of sentence structure, I was able to form a perfect and understandable sentence, with subject and verb agreement. In this case, it was my sibling who was able to decipher the actual meaning of my sentence, rather than my parents. This perhaps shows that my brother and I have an important bond, where we can understand each others language, even if it doesnt fit the conventions of Standard English. This will be discussed later on in the investigation. Interestingly, I didnt understand the concept of what I was saying, yet in every single utterance of this conversation I used the word want. It is a very repetitive dialogue, and it clearly shows I was trying to get my point across, which may suggest that I knew that what I was saying was incorrect, but thought that by recasting and expanding my utterances, those around me would be able to understand my meaning. What I am saying has an obvious pragmatic meaning; I am expressing my excitement at having received something I hadnt previously asked for. 25/12/1994 Geor.

Shape and Tessellation free essay sample

Tessellation Tessellation is the process of repeating geometric shapes to form a pattern. We will write a custom essay sample on Shape and Tessellation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These patterns do not contain any gaps, or overlaps of the geometric shape. Tessellation in everyday life can be seen in mosaics, tiling, art, and even in nature. A bee hive or honeycomb is a great example of the natural tessellation. When I first saw the assignment for this week, I assumed it would be easy to do. However, the actual process of making the pattern was harder than expected.The concept seems easy enough; the application is where I struggled. I also found using the paint application harder because the image is not easily formatted to fit on a piece of paper. I had to adjust and readjust the image multiple times in order for it to be seen properly. The type of transformation used in this tessellation is the flip transformation. I used one image and reverse it back and forth to form a pattern. I chose the figure because it was an easy shape to draw and manipulate. I found as I tried to create a pattern the more intricate the figure, the harder it is to form a coherent pattern. By using a simple pattern I was able to manipulate it with flipping to form an interesting and intricate pattern. In all, this is a great activity for students, but I think I would help simplify the method for younger children by having cutouts of different shapes for them to use. This would enable my students to use uniform shapes to form their tessellation, rather than rely on multiple tools to draw it precisely.I can understand where the younger students would have a harder time understanding and applying the concept of tessellation. As an adult, I found the task difficult to apply on paper. The image and what I wanted to do with that image was clear in my mind, but I needed to form a way to translate that onto the screen. As younger children the use of paint programs and other technologies may not be readily available and to form a tessellation purely by hand is a more difficult task than it seems.

Advances In Medicine Essays - Philippe Pinel, Perri Klass, Medicine

Advances In Medicine Essays - Philippe Pinel, Perri Klass, Medicine Advances In Medicine As the history of medicine has evolved, a number of trends and prevailing opinions have swept the profession. One of the most subtle, and yet most revealing results of these sweeping trends manifests itself by altering the tone in medical conversations and dialogues, often available to the non-medical person in the form of texts and literature. A relatively current example appears in the form of Perri Klass A Not Entirely Benign Procedure, a text dedicated to the experiences of the author at Harvard Medical School. Published in 1987, Klass work offers an interesting, if not shocking comparison to Philippe Pinels The Clinical Training of Doctors, an article published in 1783. It seems that, despite the obvious advancements and progress in medical technology and general care, the modern Klass presents less certainty about the profession and its abilities than does the eighteenth century article. In Pinels article, however, a distinct tone of holistic healing pervades the proposed train ing of physiciansthe lack of which Klass bemoans in her work. The contrast between the two works affords the reader a view into two parallel transitions in medicine: the decline of certainty and the decline of holistic care. One of the most shocking aspects of Pinels article involves the specificity in patient setting and observation he demands. From precise measurements of the weather to room orientations, Pinel seems to imply that precision in observation and care-giving will lead to precise diagnoses and eventual cures: It is obvious that medical observations can be precise and conclusive only if the evidence is reduced to the smallest possible number of facts and to the plainest data. The outline for the training of physicians Pinel proposes attempts to create an environment that allows the kind of precision that will lead to conclusive outcomes in patient care. Pinels demands range from the sensible to the seemingly outrageous. His proposal to closely scrutinize the diets of patients, as well as to experiment with these diets, seems to coincide with modern beliefs and practices. Indeed, just as Pinel recommends, one of the first and fundamental questions asked by any physician or health care provide r involves an investigation into previous food intake. Most of his section entitled Questions to ask upon admitting a patient conforms with modern practice. The more extreme requests and propositions, however, offer a more penetrating insight into his and his times beliefs concerning the potential of medicine. Pinel requires that his teaching hospital be equipped with a battery of meteorological instruments in order to enhance the level of precision in determining the potential influences on patients. To function accurately and properly, the physician must account for all possible influences on the health and condition of the patient: Notes on celestial observations, meteors, and the phases of the moon should complement the daily recordings from these [meteorological] instruments. Oddly, this level of observation requires a near impossible exertion of effort on the part of the physician, and it would be a wonder if the patient did not succumb to his illness by the time these initial observations were made. The implications of Pinels suggestions include the assumption that a cure can be found, and precise scientific scrutiny will inevitably reveal its location. As an interesting aside, Pinel wrote well before the time of scientists like Heisenberg (circa 1900), who helped elucidate the fundamental impossibility of knowing all the possible outcomes of a situation by merely understanding the initial conditions of that situationthe premise of modern Chaos Theory. Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle was a watershed moment in the general paradigm of science in that it posited a limit on the accuracy of observation. Knowledge of the position of a particle came at the expense of knowledge of its velocity, and knowledge of velocity, at the expense of position. One of the hallmarks of modern science includes its attempts to cope with the realities and implications of unconquerable fundamental uncertainties. In some small way, Klass conveys this general scientific uncertainty from a personal perspective, which in turn reveals its presence in the entirety of medicine. In her segment entitled Curing, Klass depicts the presence of uncertainty in the modern medical profession. She does not deny that the expectation of cure still represents the model

Biography of Hernán Cortés, Ruthless Conquistador

Biography of Hernn Cortà ©s, Ruthless Conquistador Hernn Cortà ©s (1485–December 2, 1547) was a Spanish conquistador responsible for the audacious, brutal conquest of the Aztec Empire in Central Mexico in 1519. With a force of 600 Spanish soldiers, he was able to conquer a vast empire with tens of thousands of warriors. He did it through a combination of ruthlessness, guile, violence, and luck. Fast Facts: Hernn Cortà ©s Known For: Brutal conqueror of the Aztec EmpireBorn: 1485 in Medellà ­n, Castile  (Spain)Parents: Martà ­n Cortà ©s de Monroy, Doà ±a Catalina Pizarro AltamarinoDied: Dec. 2, 1547 in Castilleja de la Cuesta, near Sevilla (Spain)Spouses: Catalina Surez Marcaida, Juana Ramà ­rez de Arellano de Zà ºÃƒ ±igaChildren: 2nd Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca, Catalina Cortà ©s De Zà ºÃƒ ±iga, Catalina Pizarro, Juana Cortà ©s De Zà ºÃƒ ±iga, Leonor Cortà ©s Moctezuma, Luis Cortà ©s, Luis Cortà ©s y Ramà ­rez de Arellano, Marà ­a Cortà ©s de Moctezuma, Marà ­a Cortà ©s de Zà ºÃƒ ±iga, Martà ­n Cortà ©sNotable Quote: I and my companions suffer from a disease of the heart which can be cured only with gold. Early Life Hernn Cortà ©s, like many who eventually became conquistadores in the Americas, was born in Medellà ­n, in the Castilian province of Extremadura, the son of  Martà ­n Cortà ©s de Monroy and Doà ±a Catalina Pizarro Altamarino. He came from a respected military family but was a sickly child. He went to the University of Salamanca to study law but soon dropped out. By this time, tales of the wonders of the New World were spreading across Spain, appealing to teens such as Cortà ©s. He decided to head to Hispaniola, an island in the West Indies, to seek his fortune. Hispaniola Cortà ©s was well educated and had family connections, so when he arrived in Hispaniola in 1503, he soon found work as a notary and was given a plot of land and a number of natives to work it. His health improved and he trained as a soldier, taking part in the subjugation of the parts of Hispaniola that had held out against the Spanish. He became known as a good leader, an intelligent administrator, and a ruthless fighter. These traits encouraged Diego Velzquez, a colonial administrator and conquistador, to select him for his expedition to Cuba. Cuba Velzquez was assigned the subjugation of the island of Cuba. He set out with three ships and 300 men, including young Cortà ©s, a clerk assigned to the treasurer of the expedition. Also along on the expedition was Bartolomà © de Las Casas, who would eventually describe the horrors of the conquest and denounce the conquistadores. The conquest of Cuba was marked by a number of unspeakable abuses, including massacres and the burning alive of native chief Hatuey. Cortà ©s distinguished himself as a soldier and administrator and was made mayor of the new city of Santiago. His influence grew. Tenochtitln Cortà ©s watched in 1517 and 1518 as two expeditions to conquer the mainland ended in failure. In 1519, it was Cortà ©s’ turn. With 600 men, he began one of the most audacious feats in history: conquest of the Aztec Empire, which at that time had tens if not hundreds of thousands of warriors. After landing with his men, he made his way to Tenochtitln, the  capital of the empire. Along the way, he defeated Aztec vassal states, adding their strength to his. He reached Tenochtitln in 1519 and occupied it without a fight. When Velzquez, now governor of Cuba, sent an expedition under Pnfilo de Narvez to rein in Cortà ©s, Cortes defeated Narvez, adding Narvezs men to his forces. After the battle, Cortà ©s returned to Tenochtitln with his reinforcements but found chaos. In his absence, one of his lieutenants,  Pedro de Alvarado, had ordered a massacre of Aztec nobility. Aztec Emperor Montezuma was  killed by his own people  while trying to placate the crowd, and an angry mob chased the Spanish from the city in what became known as the Noche Triste, or â€Å"Night of Sorrows.† Cortà ©s regrouped, retook the city, and by 1521 was in charge of Tenochtitln again. Good Luck Cortà ©s could never have pulled off the defeat of the  Aztec Empire  without good luck. First, he found Gerà ³nimo de Aguilar, a Spanish priest who had been shipwrecked on the mainland several years before and could speak the Maya language. Between Aguilar and Malinche, a female slave who could speak Maya and Nahuatl, Cortà ©s was able to communicate during his conquest. Cortà ©s also had amazing luck in terms of the Aztec vassal states. They nominally owed allegiance to the Aztecs, but in reality they hated them. Cortà ©s exploited this hatred. With thousands of native warriors as allies, he could meet the Aztecs with strength and secure a victory. He also benefited from the fact that Montezuma had been a weak leader, looking for divine signs before making any decisions. Cortà ©s believed that Montezuma thought the Spanish were emissaries from the god Quetzalcoatl, which may have caused him to wait before crushing them. Cortà ©s’ final stroke of luck was the timely arrival of reinforcements under the inept Narvez. Velzquez had intended to weaken Cortà ©s and bring him back to Cuba, but after Narvez was defeated he wound up providing Cortà ©s with men and supplies that he desperately needed. Governor From 1521 to 1528 Cortà ©s served as governor of New Spain, as Mexico became known. The crown sent administrators, and Cortà ©s oversaw the rebuilding of the city and expeditions to explore other parts of Mexico. Cortà ©s still had many enemies, however, and his repeated insubordination reduced his support from the crown. In 1528 he returned to Spain to plead his case for more power and received a mixed response. He was elevated to noble status and given the title of Marquis of the Oaxaca Valley, one of the richest territories in the New World. He was removed as governor, however, and would never again wield much power in the New World. Later Life and Death Cortà ©s never lost the spirit of adventure. He personally financed and led an expedition to explore Baja California in the late 1530s and fought with royal forces in Algiers in 1541. After that ended in a fiasco, he decided to return to Mexico but instead died of pleuritis on Dec. 2, 1547, in Castilleja de la Cuesta, near Sevilla, Spain, at the age of 62. Legacy In his bold but ghastly conquest of the Aztecs, Cortà ©s left a trail of bloodshed that other conquistadores would follow. Cortà ©s â€Å"blueprint†- to pit native populations against one another and exploit traditional enmities- was followed by Francisco Pizarro in Peru, Pedro de Alvarado in Central America, and other conquerors of the Americas. Cortà ©s success in bringing down the mighty Aztec Empire quickly became legendary back in Spain. Most of his soldiers had been peasants or younger sons of minor nobility with little to look forward to in terms of wealth or prestige. After the conquest, his men were given land, native slaves, and gold. These rags-to-riches stories drew thousands of Spanish to the New World, each wishing to follow in Cortà ©s’ bloody footprints. In the short run, this was good for the Spanish crown because native populations were quickly subjugated by these  ruthless conquistadores. In the long run, it proved disastrous because instead of being farmers or tradesmen, these men were soldiers,  slavers,  and mercenaries who abhorred honest work. One of Cortà ©s’ legacies was the  encomienda  system that he instituted in Mexico, which â€Å"entrusted† a tract of land and a number of natives to a Spaniard, often a conquistador. The encomendero had certain rights and responsibilities. Basically, he agreed to provide religious education for the natives in exchange for labor, but it was little more than legalized slavery, which made the  recipients wealthy and powerful. The Spanish crown eventually regretted allowing the  system to take root, as it was difficult to abolish once reports of abuses began piling up. Modern Mexicans revile Cortà ©s. They identify as closely with their native past as with their European roots, and they see Cortà ©s as a monster and butcher. Equally reviled is Malinche, or Doà ±a Marina, Cortà ©s’ Nahua slave/consort. If not for her language skills and assistance, the conquest of the Aztec Empire would almost certainly have taken a different path. Sources Hernn Cortà ©s: Spanish Conquistador. Encyclopaedia Britannica.Hernn Cortà ©s. History.com.Hernn Cortà ©s  Biography. Thefamouspeople.com.